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1 // © 2016 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
2 // License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
3 /********************************************************************
4 * COPYRIGHT:
5 * Copyright (c) 1997-2011, International Business Machines Corporation and
6 * others. All Rights Reserved.
7 * Copyright (C) 2010 , Yahoo! Inc.
8 ********************************************************************
9 *
10 * File SELFMT.H
11 *
12 * Modification History:
13 *
14 * Date Name Description
15 * 11/11/09 kirtig Finished first cut of implementation.
16 ********************************************************************/
17
18 #ifndef SELFMT
19 #define SELFMT
20
21 #include "unicode/utypes.h"
22
23 #if U_SHOW_CPLUSPLUS_API
24
25 #include "unicode/messagepattern.h"
26 #include "unicode/numfmt.h"
27
28 /**
29 * \file
30 * \brief C++ API: SelectFormat object
31 */
32
33 #if !UCONFIG_NO_FORMATTING
34
35 U_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
36
37 class MessageFormat;
38
39 /**
40 * <p><code>SelectFormat</code> supports the creation of internationalized
41 * messages by selecting phrases based on keywords. The pattern specifies
42 * how to map keywords to phrases and provides a default phrase. The
43 * object provided to the format method is a string that's matched
44 * against the keywords. If there is a match, the corresponding phrase
45 * is selected; otherwise, the default phrase is used.</p>
46 *
47 * <h4>Using <code>SelectFormat</code> for Gender Agreement</h4>
48 *
49 * <p>Note: Typically, select formatting is done via <code>MessageFormat</code>
50 * with a <code>select</code> argument type,
51 * rather than using a stand-alone <code>SelectFormat</code>.</p>
52 *
53 * <p>The main use case for the select format is gender based inflection.
54 * When names or nouns are inserted into sentences, their gender can affect pronouns,
55 * verb forms, articles, and adjectives. Special care needs to be
56 * taken for the case where the gender cannot be determined.
57 * The impact varies between languages:</p>
58 * \htmlonly
59 * <ul>
60 * <li>English has three genders, and unknown gender is handled as a special
61 * case. Names use the gender of the named person (if known), nouns referring
62 * to people use natural gender, and inanimate objects are usually neutral.
63 * The gender only affects pronouns: "he", "she", "it", "they".
64 *
65 * <li>German differs from English in that the gender of nouns is rather
66 * arbitrary, even for nouns referring to people ("M&#x00E4;dchen", girl, is neutral).
67 * The gender affects pronouns ("er", "sie", "es"), articles ("der", "die",
68 * "das"), and adjective forms ("guter Mann", "gute Frau", "gutes M&#x00E4;dchen").
69 *
70 * <li>French has only two genders; as in German the gender of nouns
71 * is rather arbitrary - for sun and moon, the genders
72 * are the opposite of those in German. The gender affects
73 * pronouns ("il", "elle"), articles ("le", "la"),
74 * adjective forms ("bon", "bonne"), and sometimes
75 * verb forms ("all&#x00E9;", "all&#x00E9;e").
76 *
77 * <li>Polish distinguishes five genders (or noun classes),
78 * human masculine, animate non-human masculine, inanimate masculine,
79 * feminine, and neuter.
80 * </ul>
81 * \endhtmlonly
82 * <p>Some other languages have noun classes that are not related to gender,
83 * but similar in grammatical use.
84 * Some African languages have around 20 noun classes.</p>
85 *
86 * <p><b>Note:</b>For the gender of a <i>person</i> in a given sentence,
87 * we usually need to distinguish only between female, male and other/unknown.</p>
88 *
89 * <p>To enable localizers to create sentence patterns that take their
90 * language's gender dependencies into consideration, software has to provide
91 * information about the gender associated with a noun or name to
92 * <code>MessageFormat</code>.
93 * Two main cases can be distinguished:</p>
94 *
95 * <ul>
96 * <li>For people, natural gender information should be maintained for each person.
97 * Keywords like "male", "female", "mixed" (for groups of people)
98 * and "unknown" could be used.
99 *
100 * <li>For nouns, grammatical gender information should be maintained for
101 * each noun and per language, e.g., in resource bundles.
102 * The keywords "masculine", "feminine", and "neuter" are commonly used,
103 * but some languages may require other keywords.
104 * </ul>
105 *
106 * <p>The resulting keyword is provided to <code>MessageFormat</code> as a
107 * parameter separate from the name or noun it's associated with. For example,
108 * to generate a message such as "Jean went to Paris", three separate arguments
109 * would be provided: The name of the person as argument 0, the gender of
110 * the person as argument 1, and the name of the city as argument 2.
111 * The sentence pattern for English, where the gender of the person has
112 * no impact on this simple sentence, would not refer to argument 1 at all:</p>
113 *
114 * <pre>{0} went to {2}.</pre>
115 *
116 * <p><b>Note:</b> The entire sentence should be included (and partially repeated)
117 * inside each phrase. Otherwise translators would have to be trained on how to
118 * move bits of the sentence in and out of the select argument of a message.
119 * (The examples below do not follow this recommendation!)</p>
120 *
121 * <p>The sentence pattern for French, where the gender of the person affects
122 * the form of the participle, uses a select format based on argument 1:</p>
123 *
124 * \htmlonly<pre>{0} est {1, select, female {all&#x00E9;e} other {all&#x00E9;}} &#x00E0; {2}.</pre>\endhtmlonly
125 *
126 * <p>Patterns can be nested, so that it's possible to handle interactions of
127 * number and gender where necessary. For example, if the above sentence should
128 * allow for the names of several people to be inserted, the following sentence
129 * pattern can be used (with argument 0 the list of people's names,
130 * argument 1 the number of people, argument 2 their combined gender, and
131 * argument 3 the city name):</p>
132 *
133 * \htmlonly
134 * <pre>{0} {1, plural,
135 * one {est {2, select, female {all&#x00E9;e} other {all&#x00E9;}}}
136 * other {sont {2, select, female {all&#x00E9;es} other {all&#x00E9;s}}}
137 * }&#x00E0; {3}.</pre>
138 * \endhtmlonly
139 *
140 * <h4>Patterns and Their Interpretation</h4>
141 *
142 * <p>The <code>SelectFormat</code> pattern string defines the phrase output
143 * for each user-defined keyword.
144 * The pattern is a sequence of (keyword, message) pairs.
145 * A keyword is a "pattern identifier": [^[[:Pattern_Syntax:][:Pattern_White_Space:]]]+</p>
146 *
147 * <p>Each message is a MessageFormat pattern string enclosed in {curly braces}.</p>
148 *
149 * <p>You always have to define a phrase for the default keyword
150 * <code>other</code>; this phrase is returned when the keyword
151 * provided to
152 * the <code>format</code> method matches no other keyword.
153 * If a pattern does not provide a phrase for <code>other</code>, the method
154 * it's provided to returns the error <code>U_DEFAULT_KEYWORD_MISSING</code>.
155 * <br>
156 * Pattern_White_Space between keywords and messages is ignored.
157 * Pattern_White_Space within a message is preserved and output.</p>
158 *
159 * <p><pre>Example:
160 * \htmlonly
161 *
162 * UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
163 * MessageFormat *msgFmt = new MessageFormat(UnicodeString("{0} est {1, select, female {all&#x00E9;e} other {all&#x00E9;}} &#x00E0; Paris."), Locale("fr"), status);
164 * if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
165 * return;
166 * }
167 * FieldPosition ignore(FieldPosition::DONT_CARE);
168 * UnicodeString result;
169 *
170 * char* str1= "Kirti,female";
171 * Formattable args1[] = {"Kirti","female"};
172 * msgFmt->format(args1, 2, result, ignore, status);
173 * cout << "Input is " << str1 << " and result is: " << result << endl;
174 * delete msgFmt;
175 *
176 * \endhtmlonly
177 * </pre>
178 * </p>
179 *
180 * Produces the output:<br>
181 * \htmlonly
182 * <code>Kirti est all&#x00E9;e &#x00E0; Paris.</code>
183 * \endhtmlonly
184 *
185 * @stable ICU 4.4
186 */
187
188 class U_I18N_API SelectFormat : public Format {
189 public:
190
191 /**
192 * Creates a new <code>SelectFormat</code> for a given pattern string.
193 * @param pattern the pattern for this <code>SelectFormat</code>.
194 * errors are returned to status if the pattern is invalid.
195 * @param status output param set to success/failure code on exit, which
196 * must not indicate a failure before the function call.
197 * @stable ICU 4.4
198 */
199 SelectFormat(const UnicodeString& pattern, UErrorCode& status);
200
201 /**
202 * copy constructor.
203 * @stable ICU 4.4
204 */
205 SelectFormat(const SelectFormat& other);
206
207 /**
208 * Destructor.
209 * @stable ICU 4.4
210 */
211 virtual ~SelectFormat();
212
213 /**
214 * Sets the pattern used by this select format.
215 * for the keyword rules.
216 * Patterns and their interpretation are specified in the class description.
217 *
218 * @param pattern the pattern for this select format
219 * errors are returned to status if the pattern is invalid.
220 * @param status output param set to success/failure code on exit, which
221 * must not indicate a failure before the function call.
222 * @stable ICU 4.4
223 */
224 void applyPattern(const UnicodeString& pattern, UErrorCode& status);
225
226
227 using Format::format;
228
229 /**
230 * Selects the phrase for the given keyword
231 *
232 * @param keyword The keyword that is used to select an alternative.
233 * @param appendTo output parameter to receive result.
234 * result is appended to existing contents.
235 * @param pos On input: an alignment field, if desired.
236 * On output: the offsets of the alignment field.
237 * @param status output param set to success/failure code on exit, which
238 * must not indicate a failure before the function call.
239 * @return Reference to 'appendTo' parameter.
240 * @stable ICU 4.4
241 */
242 UnicodeString& format(const UnicodeString& keyword,
243 UnicodeString& appendTo,
244 FieldPosition& pos,
245 UErrorCode& status) const;
246
247 /**
248 * Assignment operator
249 *
250 * @param other the SelectFormat object to copy from.
251 * @stable ICU 4.4
252 */
253 SelectFormat& operator=(const SelectFormat& other);
254
255 /**
256 * Return true if another object is semantically equal to this one.
257 *
258 * @param other the SelectFormat object to be compared with.
259 * @return true if other is semantically equal to this.
260 * @stable ICU 4.4
261 */
262 virtual UBool operator==(const Format& other) const;
263
264 /**
265 * Return true if another object is semantically unequal to this one.
266 *
267 * @param other the SelectFormat object to be compared with.
268 * @return true if other is semantically unequal to this.
269 * @stable ICU 4.4
270 */
271 virtual UBool operator!=(const Format& other) const;
272
273 /**
274 * Clones this Format object polymorphically. The caller owns the
275 * result and should delete it when done.
276 * @stable ICU 4.4
277 */
278 virtual SelectFormat* clone() const;
279
280 /**
281 * Format an object to produce a string.
282 * This method handles keyword strings.
283 * If the Formattable object is not a <code>UnicodeString</code>,
284 * then it returns a failing UErrorCode.
285 *
286 * @param obj A keyword string that is used to select an alternative.
287 * @param appendTo output parameter to receive result.
288 * Result is appended to existing contents.
289 * @param pos On input: an alignment field, if desired.
290 * On output: the offsets of the alignment field.
291 * @param status output param filled with success/failure status.
292 * @return Reference to 'appendTo' parameter.
293 * @stable ICU 4.4
294 */
295 UnicodeString& format(const Formattable& obj,
296 UnicodeString& appendTo,
297 FieldPosition& pos,
298 UErrorCode& status) const;
299
300 /**
301 * Returns the pattern from applyPattern() or constructor.
302 *
303 * @param appendTo output parameter to receive result.
304 * Result is appended to existing contents.
305 * @return the UnicodeString with inserted pattern.
306 * @stable ICU 4.4
307 */
308 UnicodeString& toPattern(UnicodeString& appendTo);
309
310 /**
311 * This method is not yet supported by <code>SelectFormat</code>.
312 * <P>
313 * Before calling, set parse_pos.index to the offset you want to start
314 * parsing at in the source. After calling, parse_pos.index is the end of
315 * the text you parsed. If error occurs, index is unchanged.
316 * <P>
317 * When parsing, leading whitespace is discarded (with a successful parse),
318 * while trailing whitespace is left as is.
319 * <P>
320 * See Format::parseObject() for more.
321 *
322 * @param source The string to be parsed into an object.
323 * @param result Formattable to be set to the parse result.
324 * If parse fails, return contents are undefined.
325 * @param parse_pos The position to start parsing at. Upon return
326 * this param is set to the position after the
327 * last character successfully parsed. If the
328 * source is not parsed successfully, this param
329 * will remain unchanged.
330 * @stable ICU 4.4
331 */
332 virtual void parseObject(const UnicodeString& source,
333 Formattable& result,
334 ParsePosition& parse_pos) const;
335
336 /**
337 * ICU "poor man's RTTI", returns a UClassID for this class.
338 * @stable ICU 4.4
339 */
340 static UClassID U_EXPORT2 getStaticClassID(void);
341
342 /**
343 * ICU "poor man's RTTI", returns a UClassID for the actual class.
344 * @stable ICU 4.4
345 */
346 virtual UClassID getDynamicClassID() const;
347
348 private:
349 friend class MessageFormat;
350
351 SelectFormat(); // default constructor not implemented.
352
353 /**
354 * Finds the SelectFormat sub-message for the given keyword, or the "other" sub-message.
355 * @param pattern A MessagePattern.
356 * @param partIndex the index of the first SelectFormat argument style part.
357 * @param keyword a keyword to be matched to one of the SelectFormat argument's keywords.
358 * @param ec Error code.
359 * @return the sub-message start part index.
360 */
361 static int32_t findSubMessage(const MessagePattern& pattern, int32_t partIndex,
362 const UnicodeString& keyword, UErrorCode& ec);
363
364 MessagePattern msgPattern;
365 };
366
367 U_NAMESPACE_END
368
369 #endif /* #if !UCONFIG_NO_FORMATTING */
370
371 #endif /* U_SHOW_CPLUSPLUS_API */
372
373 #endif // _SELFMT
374 //eof