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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/loose.dtd">
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5 Written by: Lionel Cons <Lionel.Cons@cern.ch> (original author)
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13 <head>
14 <title>GNU gettext utilities: 10. Producing Binary MO Files</title>
15
16 <meta name="description" content="GNU gettext utilities: 10. Producing Binary MO Files">
17 <meta name="keywords" content="GNU gettext utilities: 10. Producing Binary MO Files">
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37 </style>
38
39
40 </head>
41
42 <body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
43
44 <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
45 <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_9.html#SEC87" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
46 <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_11.html#SEC197" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
47 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
48 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
49 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
50 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
51 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
52 <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_toc.html#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
53 <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
54 <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_21.html#SEC389" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
55 <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
56 </tr></table>
57
58 <hr size="2">
59 <a name="Binaries"></a>
60 <a name="SEC173"></a>
61 <h1 class="chapter"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC166">10. Producing Binary MO Files</a> </h1>
62
63
64
65
66 <a name="msgfmt-Invocation"></a>
67 <a name="SEC174"></a>
68 <h2 class="section"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC167">10.1 Invoking the <code>msgfmt</code> Program</a> </h2>
69
70
71 <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">msgfmt [<var>option</var>] <var>filename</var>.po &hellip;
72 </pre></td></tr></table>
73
74 <a name="IDX928"></a>
75 <p>The <code>msgfmt</code> programs generates a binary message catalog from a textual
76 translation description.
77 </p>
78
79 <a name="SEC175"></a>
80 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC168">10.1.1 Input file location</a> </h3>
81
82 <dl compact="compact">
83 <dt> &lsquo;<samp><var>filename</var>.po &hellip;</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
84 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-D <var>directory</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
85 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--directory=<var>directory</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
86 <dd><a name="IDX929"></a>
87 <a name="IDX930"></a>
88 <p>Add <var>directory</var> to the list of directories. Source files are
89 searched relative to this list of directories. The resulting binary
90 file will be written relative to the current directory, though.
91 </p>
92 </dd>
93 </dl>
94
95 <p>If an input file is &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, standard input is read.
96 </p>
97
98 <a name="SEC176"></a>
99 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC169">10.1.2 Operation mode</a> </h3>
100
101 <dl compact="compact">
102 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-j</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
103 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--java</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
104 <dd><a name="IDX931"></a>
105 <a name="IDX932"></a>
106 <a name="IDX933"></a>
107 <p>Java mode: generate a Java <code>ResourceBundle</code> class.
108 </p>
109 </dd>
110 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--java2</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
111 <dd><a name="IDX934"></a>
112 <p>Like &ndash;java, and assume Java2 (JDK 1.2 or higher).
113 </p>
114 </dd>
115 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--csharp</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
116 <dd><a name="IDX935"></a>
117 <a name="IDX936"></a>
118 <p>C# mode: generate a .NET .dll file containing a subclass of
119 <code>GettextResourceSet</code>.
120 </p>
121 </dd>
122 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--csharp-resources</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
123 <dd><a name="IDX937"></a>
124 <a name="IDX938"></a>
125 <p>C# resources mode: generate a .NET &lsquo;<tt>.resources</tt>&rsquo; file.
126 </p>
127 </dd>
128 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--tcl</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
129 <dd><a name="IDX939"></a>
130 <a name="IDX940"></a>
131 <p>Tcl mode: generate a tcl/msgcat &lsquo;<tt>.msg</tt>&rsquo; file.
132 </p>
133 </dd>
134 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--qt</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
135 <dd><a name="IDX941"></a>
136 <a name="IDX942"></a>
137 <p>Qt mode: generate a Qt &lsquo;<tt>.qm</tt>&rsquo; file.
138 </p>
139 </dd>
140 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--desktop</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
141 <dd><a name="IDX943"></a>
142 <a name="IDX944"></a>
143 <p>Desktop Entry mode: generate a &lsquo;<tt>.desktop</tt>&rsquo; file.
144 </p>
145 </dd>
146 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--xml</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
147 <dd><a name="IDX945"></a>
148 <a name="IDX946"></a>
149 <p>XML mode: generate an XML file.
150 </p>
151 </dd>
152 </dl>
153
154
155 <a name="SEC177"></a>
156 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC170">10.1.3 Output file location</a> </h3>
157
158 <dl compact="compact">
159 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-o <var>file</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
160 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--output-file=<var>file</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
161 <dd><a name="IDX947"></a>
162 <a name="IDX948"></a>
163 <p>Write output to specified file.
164 </p>
165 </dd>
166 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--strict</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
167 <dd><a name="IDX949"></a>
168 <p>Direct the program to work strictly following the Uniforum/Sun
169 implementation. Currently this only affects the naming of the output
170 file. If this option is not given the name of the output file is the
171 same as the domain name. If the strict Uniforum mode is enabled the
172 suffix &lsquo;<tt>.mo</tt>&rsquo; is added to the file name if it is not already
173 present.
174 </p>
175 <p>We find this behaviour of Sun's implementation rather silly and so by
176 default this mode is <em>not</em> selected.
177 </p>
178 </dd>
179 </dl>
180
181 <p>If the output <var>file</var> is &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, output is written to standard output.
182 </p>
183
184 <a name="SEC178"></a>
185 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC171">10.1.4 Output file location in Java mode</a> </h3>
186
187 <dl compact="compact">
188 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-r <var>resource</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
189 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--resource=<var>resource</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
190 <dd><a name="IDX950"></a>
191 <a name="IDX951"></a>
192 <p>Specify the resource name.
193 </p>
194 </dd>
195 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-l <var>locale</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
196 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--locale=<var>locale</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
197 <dd><a name="IDX952"></a>
198 <a name="IDX953"></a>
199 <p>Specify the locale name, either a language specification of the form <var>ll</var>
200 or a combined language and country specification of the form <var>ll_CC</var>.
201 </p>
202 </dd>
203 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-d <var>directory</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
204 <dd><a name="IDX954"></a>
205 <p>Specify the base directory of classes directory hierarchy.
206 </p>
207 </dd>
208 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--source</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
209 <dd><a name="IDX955"></a>
210 <p>Produce a .java source file, instead of a compiled .class file.
211 </p>
212 </dd>
213 </dl>
214
215 <p>The class name is determined by appending the locale name to the resource name,
216 separated with an underscore. The &lsquo;<samp>-d</samp>&rsquo; option is mandatory. The class
217 is written under the specified directory.
218 </p>
219
220 <a name="SEC179"></a>
221 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC172">10.1.5 Output file location in C# mode</a> </h3>
222
223 <dl compact="compact">
224 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-r <var>resource</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
225 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--resource=<var>resource</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
226 <dd><a name="IDX956"></a>
227 <a name="IDX957"></a>
228 <p>Specify the resource name.
229 </p>
230 </dd>
231 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-l <var>locale</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
232 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--locale=<var>locale</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
233 <dd><a name="IDX958"></a>
234 <a name="IDX959"></a>
235 <p>Specify the locale name, either a language specification of the form <var>ll</var>
236 or a combined language and country specification of the form <var>ll_CC</var>.
237 </p>
238 </dd>
239 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-d <var>directory</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
240 <dd><a name="IDX960"></a>
241 <p>Specify the base directory for locale dependent &lsquo;<tt>.dll</tt>&rsquo; files.
242 </p>
243 </dd>
244 </dl>
245
246 <p>The &lsquo;<samp>-l</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>-d</samp>&rsquo; options are mandatory. The &lsquo;<tt>.dll</tt>&rsquo; file is
247 written in a subdirectory of the specified directory whose name depends on the
248 locale.
249 </p>
250
251 <a name="SEC180"></a>
252 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC173">10.1.6 Output file location in Tcl mode</a> </h3>
253
254 <dl compact="compact">
255 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-l <var>locale</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
256 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--locale=<var>locale</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
257 <dd><a name="IDX961"></a>
258 <a name="IDX962"></a>
259 <p>Specify the locale name, either a language specification of the form <var>ll</var>
260 or a combined language and country specification of the form <var>ll_CC</var>.
261 </p>
262 </dd>
263 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-d <var>directory</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
264 <dd><a name="IDX963"></a>
265 <p>Specify the base directory of &lsquo;<tt>.msg</tt>&rsquo; message catalogs.
266 </p>
267 </dd>
268 </dl>
269
270 <p>The &lsquo;<samp>-l</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>-d</samp>&rsquo; options are mandatory. The &lsquo;<tt>.msg</tt>&rsquo; file is
271 written in the specified directory.
272 </p>
273
274 <a name="SEC181"></a>
275 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC174">10.1.7 Desktop Entry mode operations</a> </h3>
276
277 <dl compact="compact">
278 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--template=<var>template</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
279 <dd><a name="IDX964"></a>
280 <p>Specify a .desktop file used as a template.
281 </p>
282 </dd>
283 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-k[<var>keywordspec</var>]</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
284 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--keyword[=<var>keywordspec</var>]</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
285 <dd><a name="IDX965"></a>
286 <a name="IDX966"></a>
287 <p>Specify <var>keywordspec</var> as an additional keyword to be looked for.
288 Without a <var>keywordspec</var>, the option means to not use default keywords.
289 </p>
290 </dd>
291 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-l <var>locale</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
292 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--locale=<var>locale</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
293 <dd><a name="IDX967"></a>
294 <a name="IDX968"></a>
295 <p>Specify the locale name, either a language specification of the form <var>ll</var>
296 or a combined language and country specification of the form <var>ll_CC</var>.
297 </p>
298 </dd>
299 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-d <var>directory</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
300 <dd><a name="IDX969"></a>
301 <p>Specify the directory where PO files are read. The directory must
302 contain the &lsquo;<samp>LINGUAS</samp>&rsquo; file.
303 </p>
304 </dd>
305 </dl>
306
307 <p>To generate a &lsquo;<samp>.desktop</samp>&rsquo; file for a single locale, you can use it
308 as follows.
309 </p>
310 <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">msgfmt --desktop --template=<var>template</var> --locale=<var>locale</var> \
311 -o <var>file</var> <var>filename</var>.po &hellip;
312 </pre></td></tr></table>
313
314 <p>msgfmt provides a special &quot;bulk&quot; operation mode to process multiple
315 &lsquo;<tt>.po</tt>&rsquo; files at a time.
316 </p>
317 <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">msgfmt --desktop --template=<var>template</var> -d <var>directory</var> -o <var>file</var>
318 </pre></td></tr></table>
319
320 <p>msgfmt first reads the &lsquo;<samp>LINGUAS</samp>&rsquo; file under <var>directory</var>, and
321 then processes all &lsquo;<samp>.po</samp>&rsquo; files listed there. You can also limit
322 the locales to a subset, through the &lsquo;<samp>LINGUAS</samp>&rsquo; environment
323 variable.
324 </p>
325 <p>For either operation modes, the &lsquo;<samp>-o</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>--template</samp>&rsquo;
326 options are mandatory.
327 </p>
328
329 <a name="SEC182"></a>
330 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC175">10.1.8 XML mode operations</a> </h3>
331
332 <dl compact="compact">
333 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--template=<var>template</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
334 <dd><a name="IDX970"></a>
335 <p>Specify an XML file used as a template.
336 </p>
337 </dd>
338 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-L <var>name</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
339 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--language=<var>name</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
340 <dd><a name="IDX971"></a>
341 <a name="IDX972"></a>
342 <a name="IDX973"></a>
343 <p>Specifies the language of the input files.
344 </p>
345 </dd>
346 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-l <var>locale</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
347 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--locale=<var>locale</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
348 <dd><a name="IDX974"></a>
349 <a name="IDX975"></a>
350 <p>Specify the locale name, either a language specification of the form <var>ll</var>
351 or a combined language and country specification of the form <var>ll_CC</var>.
352 </p>
353 </dd>
354 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-d <var>directory</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
355 <dd><a name="IDX976"></a>
356 <p>Specify the base directory of &lsquo;<tt>.po</tt>&rsquo; message catalogs.
357 </p>
358 </dd>
359 </dl>
360
361 <p>To generate an XML file for a single locale, you can use it as follows.
362 </p>
363 <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">msgfmt --xml --template=<var>template</var> --locale=<var>locale</var> \
364 -o <var>file</var> <var>filename</var>.po &hellip;
365 </pre></td></tr></table>
366
367 <p>msgfmt provides a special &quot;bulk&quot; operation mode to process multiple
368 &lsquo;<tt>.po</tt>&rsquo; files at a time.
369 </p>
370 <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">msgfmt --xml --template=<var>template</var> -d <var>directory</var> -o <var>file</var>
371 </pre></td></tr></table>
372
373 <p>msgfmt first reads the &lsquo;<samp>LINGUAS</samp>&rsquo; file under <var>directory</var>, and
374 then processes all &lsquo;<samp>.po</samp>&rsquo; files listed there. You can also limit
375 the locales to a subset, through the &lsquo;<samp>LINGUAS</samp>&rsquo; environment
376 variable.
377 </p>
378 <p>For either operation modes, the &lsquo;<samp>-o</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>--template</samp>&rsquo;
379 options are mandatory.
380 </p>
381
382 <a name="SEC183"></a>
383 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC176">10.1.9 Input file syntax</a> </h3>
384
385 <dl compact="compact">
386 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-P</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
387 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--properties-input</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
388 <dd><a name="IDX977"></a>
389 <a name="IDX978"></a>
390 <p>Assume the input files are Java ResourceBundles in Java <code>.properties</code>
391 syntax, not in PO file syntax.
392 </p>
393 </dd>
394 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--stringtable-input</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
395 <dd><a name="IDX979"></a>
396 <p>Assume the input files are NeXTstep/GNUstep localized resource files in
397 <code>.strings</code> syntax, not in PO file syntax.
398 </p>
399 </dd>
400 </dl>
401
402
403 <a name="SEC184"></a>
404 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC177">10.1.10 Input file interpretation</a> </h3>
405
406 <dl compact="compact">
407 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-c</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
408 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--check</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
409 <dd><a name="IDX980"></a>
410 <a name="IDX981"></a>
411 <p>Perform all the checks implied by <code>--check-format</code>, <code>--check-header</code>,
412 <code>--check-domain</code>.
413 </p>
414 </dd>
415 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--check-format</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
416 <dd><a name="IDX982"></a>
417 <a name="IDX983"></a>
418 <p>Check language dependent format strings.
419 </p>
420 <p>If the string represents a format string used in a
421 <code>printf</code>-like function both strings should have the same number of
422 &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; format specifiers, with matching types. If the flag
423 <code>c-format</code> or <code>possible-c-format</code> appears in the special
424 comment &lt;#,&gt; for this entry a check is performed. For example, the
425 check will diagnose using &lsquo;<samp>%.*s</samp>&rsquo; against &lsquo;<samp>%s</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>%d</samp>&rsquo;
426 against &lsquo;<samp>%s</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>%d</samp>&rsquo; against &lsquo;<samp>%x</samp>&rsquo;. It can even handle
427 positional parameters.
428 </p>
429 <p>Normally the <code>xgettext</code> program automatically decides whether a
430 string is a format string or not. This algorithm is not perfect,
431 though. It might regard a string as a format string though it is not
432 used in a <code>printf</code>-like function and so <code>msgfmt</code> might report
433 errors where there are none.
434 </p>
435 <p>To solve this problem the programmer can dictate the decision to the
436 <code>xgettext</code> program (see section <a href="gettext_15.html#SEC267">C Format Strings</a>). The translator should not
437 consider removing the flag from the &lt;#,&gt; line. This &quot;fix&quot; would be
438 reversed again as soon as <code>msgmerge</code> is called the next time.
439 </p>
440 </dd>
441 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--check-header</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
442 <dd><a name="IDX984"></a>
443 <p>Verify presence and contents of the header entry. See section <a href="gettext_6.html#SEC52">Filling in the Header Entry</a>,
444 for a description of the various fields in the header entry.
445 </p>
446 </dd>
447 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--check-domain</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
448 <dd><a name="IDX985"></a>
449 <p>Check for conflicts between domain directives and the <code>--output-file</code>
450 option
451 </p>
452 </dd>
453 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-C</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
454 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--check-compatibility</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
455 <dd><a name="IDX986"></a>
456 <a name="IDX987"></a>
457 <a name="IDX988"></a>
458 <p>Check that GNU msgfmt behaves like X/Open msgfmt. This will give an error
459 when attempting to use the GNU extensions.
460 </p>
461 </dd>
462 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--check-accelerators[=<var>char</var>]</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
463 <dd><a name="IDX989"></a>
464 <a name="IDX990"></a>
465 <a name="IDX991"></a>
466 <a name="IDX992"></a>
467 <p>Check presence of keyboard accelerators for menu items. This is based on
468 the convention used in some GUIs that a keyboard accelerator in a menu
469 item string is designated by an immediately preceding &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; character.
470 Sometimes a keyboard accelerator is also called &quot;keyboard mnemonic&quot;.
471 This check verifies that if the untranslated string has exactly one
472 &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; character, the translated string has exactly one &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; as well.
473 If this option is given with a <var>char</var> argument, this <var>char</var> should
474 be a non-alphanumeric character and is used as keyboard accelerator mark
475 instead of &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
476 </p>
477 </dd>
478 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-f</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
479 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--use-fuzzy</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
480 <dd><a name="IDX993"></a>
481 <a name="IDX994"></a>
482 <a name="IDX995"></a>
483 <p>Use fuzzy entries in output. Note that using this option is usually wrong,
484 because fuzzy messages are exactly those which have not been validated by
485 a human translator.
486 </p>
487 </dd>
488 </dl>
489
490
491 <a name="SEC185"></a>
492 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC178">10.1.11 Output details</a> </h3>
493
494 <dl compact="compact">
495 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--no-convert</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
496 <dd><a name="IDX996"></a>
497 <p>Don't convert the messages to UTF-8 encoding. By default, messages are
498 converted to UTF-8 encoding before being stored in a MO file; this helps
499 avoiding conversions at run time, since nowadays most locales use the
500 UTF-8 encoding.
501 </p>
502 </dd>
503 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--no-redundancy</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
504 <dd><a name="IDX997"></a>
505 <p>Don't pre-expand ISO C 99 &lt;inttypes.h&gt; format string directive macros.
506 By default, messages that are marked as <code>c-format</code> and contain
507 ISO C 99 &lt;inttypes.h&gt; format string directive macros are pre-expanded
508 for selected platforms, and these redundant expansions are stored in the
509 MO file. These redundant expansions make the translations of these
510 messages work with the <code>gettext</code> implementation in the <code>libc</code>
511 of that platform, without requiring GNU <code>gettext</code>'s <code>libintl</code>.
512 The platforms that benefit from this pre-expansion are those with the
513 musl libc.
514 </p>
515 </dd>
516 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-a <var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
517 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--alignment=<var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
518 <dd><a name="IDX998"></a>
519 <a name="IDX999"></a>
520 <p>Align strings to <var>number</var> bytes (default: 1).
521 </p>
522 </dd>
523 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--endianness=<var>byteorder</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
524 <dd><a name="IDX1000"></a>
525 <p>Write out 32-bit numbers in the given byte order. The possible values are
526 <code>big</code> and <code>little</code>. The default is <code>little</code>.
527 </p>
528 <p>MO files of any endianness can be used on any platform. When a MO file has
529 an endianness other than the platform's one, the 32-bit numbers from the MO
530 file are swapped at runtime. The performance impact is negligible.
531 </p>
532 <p>This option can be useful to produce MO files that are optimized for one
533 platform.
534 </p>
535 </dd>
536 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--no-hash</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
537 <dd><a name="IDX1001"></a>
538 <p>Don't include a hash table in the binary file. Lookup will be more expensive
539 at run time (binary search instead of hash table lookup).
540 </p>
541 </dd>
542 </dl>
543
544
545 <a name="SEC186"></a>
546 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC179">10.1.12 Informative output</a> </h3>
547
548 <dl compact="compact">
549 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-h</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
550 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--help</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
551 <dd><a name="IDX1002"></a>
552 <a name="IDX1003"></a>
553 <p>Display this help and exit.
554 </p>
555 </dd>
556 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-V</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
557 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--version</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
558 <dd><a name="IDX1004"></a>
559 <a name="IDX1005"></a>
560 <p>Output version information and exit.
561 </p>
562 </dd>
563 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--statistics</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
564 <dd><a name="IDX1006"></a>
565 <p>Print statistics about translations. When the option <code>--verbose</code> is used
566 in combination with <code>--statistics</code>, the input file name is printed in
567 front of the statistics line.
568 </p>
569 </dd>
570 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-v</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
571 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--verbose</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
572 <dd><a name="IDX1007"></a>
573 <a name="IDX1008"></a>
574 <p>Increase verbosity level.
575 </p>
576 </dd>
577 </dl>
578
579
580 <a name="msgunfmt-Invocation"></a>
581 <a name="SEC187"></a>
582 <h2 class="section"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC180">10.2 Invoking the <code>msgunfmt</code> Program</a> </h2>
583
584
585 <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">msgunfmt [<var>option</var>] [<var>file</var>]...
586 </pre></td></tr></table>
587
588 <a name="IDX1009"></a>
589 <p>The <code>msgunfmt</code> program converts a binary message catalog to a
590 Uniforum style .po file.
591 </p>
592
593 <a name="SEC188"></a>
594 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC181">10.2.1 Operation mode</a> </h3>
595
596 <dl compact="compact">
597 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-j</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
598 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--java</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
599 <dd><a name="IDX1010"></a>
600 <a name="IDX1011"></a>
601 <a name="IDX1012"></a>
602 <p>Java mode: input is a Java <code>ResourceBundle</code> class.
603 </p>
604 </dd>
605 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--csharp</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
606 <dd><a name="IDX1013"></a>
607 <a name="IDX1014"></a>
608 <p>C# mode: input is a .NET .dll file containing a subclass of
609 <code>GettextResourceSet</code>.
610 </p>
611 </dd>
612 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--csharp-resources</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
613 <dd><a name="IDX1015"></a>
614 <a name="IDX1016"></a>
615 <p>C# resources mode: input is a .NET &lsquo;<tt>.resources</tt>&rsquo; file.
616 </p>
617 </dd>
618 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--tcl</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
619 <dd><a name="IDX1017"></a>
620 <a name="IDX1018"></a>
621 <p>Tcl mode: input is a tcl/msgcat &lsquo;<tt>.msg</tt>&rsquo; file.
622 </p>
623 </dd>
624 </dl>
625
626
627 <a name="SEC189"></a>
628 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC182">10.2.2 Input file location</a> </h3>
629
630 <dl compact="compact">
631 <dt> &lsquo;<samp><var>file</var> &hellip;</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
632 <dd><p>Input .mo files.
633 </p>
634 </dd>
635 </dl>
636
637 <p>If no input <var>file</var> is given or if it is &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, standard input is read.
638 </p>
639
640 <a name="SEC190"></a>
641 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC183">10.2.3 Input file location in Java mode</a> </h3>
642
643 <dl compact="compact">
644 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-r <var>resource</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
645 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--resource=<var>resource</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
646 <dd><a name="IDX1019"></a>
647 <a name="IDX1020"></a>
648 <p>Specify the resource name.
649 </p>
650 </dd>
651 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-l <var>locale</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
652 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--locale=<var>locale</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
653 <dd><a name="IDX1021"></a>
654 <a name="IDX1022"></a>
655 <p>Specify the locale name, either a language specification of the form <var>ll</var>
656 or a combined language and country specification of the form <var>ll_CC</var>.
657 </p>
658 </dd>
659 </dl>
660
661 <p>The class name is determined by appending the locale name to the resource name,
662 separated with an underscore. The class is located using the <code>CLASSPATH</code>.
663 </p>
664
665 <a name="SEC191"></a>
666 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC184">10.2.4 Input file location in C# mode</a> </h3>
667
668 <dl compact="compact">
669 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-r <var>resource</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
670 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--resource=<var>resource</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
671 <dd><a name="IDX1023"></a>
672 <a name="IDX1024"></a>
673 <p>Specify the resource name.
674 </p>
675 </dd>
676 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-l <var>locale</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
677 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--locale=<var>locale</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
678 <dd><a name="IDX1025"></a>
679 <a name="IDX1026"></a>
680 <p>Specify the locale name, either a language specification of the form <var>ll</var>
681 or a combined language and country specification of the form <var>ll_CC</var>.
682 </p>
683 </dd>
684 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-d <var>directory</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
685 <dd><a name="IDX1027"></a>
686 <p>Specify the base directory for locale dependent &lsquo;<tt>.dll</tt>&rsquo; files.
687 </p>
688 </dd>
689 </dl>
690
691 <p>The &lsquo;<samp>-l</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>-d</samp>&rsquo; options are mandatory. The &lsquo;<tt>.msg</tt>&rsquo; file is
692 located in a subdirectory of the specified directory whose name depends on the
693 locale.
694 </p>
695
696 <a name="SEC192"></a>
697 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC185">10.2.5 Input file location in Tcl mode</a> </h3>
698
699 <dl compact="compact">
700 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-l <var>locale</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
701 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--locale=<var>locale</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
702 <dd><a name="IDX1028"></a>
703 <a name="IDX1029"></a>
704 <p>Specify the locale name, either a language specification of the form <var>ll</var>
705 or a combined language and country specification of the form <var>ll_CC</var>.
706 </p>
707 </dd>
708 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-d <var>directory</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
709 <dd><a name="IDX1030"></a>
710 <p>Specify the base directory of &lsquo;<tt>.msg</tt>&rsquo; message catalogs.
711 </p>
712 </dd>
713 </dl>
714
715 <p>The &lsquo;<samp>-l</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>-d</samp>&rsquo; options are mandatory. The &lsquo;<tt>.msg</tt>&rsquo; file is
716 located in the specified directory.
717 </p>
718
719 <a name="SEC193"></a>
720 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC186">10.2.6 Output file location</a> </h3>
721
722 <dl compact="compact">
723 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-o <var>file</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
724 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--output-file=<var>file</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
725 <dd><a name="IDX1031"></a>
726 <a name="IDX1032"></a>
727 <p>Write output to specified file.
728 </p>
729 </dd>
730 </dl>
731
732 <p>The results are written to standard output if no output file is specified
733 or if it is &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.
734 </p>
735
736 <a name="SEC194"></a>
737 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC187">10.2.7 Output details</a> </h3>
738
739
740 <dl compact="compact">
741 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--color</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
742 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--color=<var>when</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
743 <dd><a name="IDX1033"></a>
744 <p>Specify whether or when to use colors and other text attributes.
745 See <a href="gettext_9.html#SEC158">The <code>--color</code> option</a> for details.
746 </p>
747 </dd>
748 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--style=<var>style_file</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
749 <dd><a name="IDX1034"></a>
750 <p>Specify the CSS style rule file to use for <code>--color</code>.
751 See <a href="gettext_9.html#SEC160">The <code>--style</code> option</a> for details.
752 </p>
753 </dd>
754 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--force-po</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
755 <dd><a name="IDX1035"></a>
756 <p>Always write an output file even if it contains no message.
757 </p>
758 </dd>
759 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-i</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
760 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--indent</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
761 <dd><a name="IDX1036"></a>
762 <a name="IDX1037"></a>
763 <p>Write the .po file using indented style.
764 </p>
765 </dd>
766 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--strict</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
767 <dd><a name="IDX1038"></a>
768 <p>Write out a strict Uniforum conforming PO file. Note that this
769 Uniforum format should be avoided because it doesn't support the
770 GNU extensions.
771 </p>
772 </dd>
773 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-p</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
774 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--properties-output</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
775 <dd><a name="IDX1039"></a>
776 <a name="IDX1040"></a>
777 <p>Write out a Java ResourceBundle in Java <code>.properties</code> syntax. Note
778 that this file format doesn't support plural forms and silently drops
779 obsolete messages.
780 </p>
781 </dd>
782 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--stringtable-output</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
783 <dd><a name="IDX1041"></a>
784 <p>Write out a NeXTstep/GNUstep localized resource file in <code>.strings</code> syntax.
785 Note that this file format doesn't support plural forms.
786 </p>
787 </dd>
788 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-w <var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
789 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--width=<var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
790 <dd><a name="IDX1042"></a>
791 <a name="IDX1043"></a>
792 <p>Set the output page width. Long strings in the output files will be
793 split across multiple lines in order to ensure that each line's width
794 (= number of screen columns) is less or equal to the given <var>number</var>.
795 </p>
796 </dd>
797 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--no-wrap</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
798 <dd><a name="IDX1044"></a>
799 <p>Do not break long message lines. Message lines whose width exceeds the
800 output page width will not be split into several lines. Only file reference
801 lines which are wider than the output page width will be split.
802 </p>
803 </dd>
804 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-s</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
805 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--sort-output</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
806 <dd><a name="IDX1045"></a>
807 <a name="IDX1046"></a>
808 <a name="IDX1047"></a>
809 <p>Generate sorted output. Note that using this option makes it much harder
810 for the translator to understand each message's context.
811 </p>
812 </dd>
813 </dl>
814
815
816 <a name="SEC195"></a>
817 <h3 class="subsection"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC188">10.2.8 Informative output</a> </h3>
818
819 <dl compact="compact">
820 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-h</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
821 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--help</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
822 <dd><a name="IDX1048"></a>
823 <a name="IDX1049"></a>
824 <p>Display this help and exit.
825 </p>
826 </dd>
827 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-V</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
828 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--version</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
829 <dd><a name="IDX1050"></a>
830 <a name="IDX1051"></a>
831 <p>Output version information and exit.
832 </p>
833 </dd>
834 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-v</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
835 <dt> &lsquo;<samp>--verbose</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
836 <dd><a name="IDX1052"></a>
837 <a name="IDX1053"></a>
838 <p>Increase verbosity level.
839 </p>
840 </dd>
841 </dl>
842
843
844 <a name="MO-Files"></a>
845 <a name="SEC196"></a>
846 <h2 class="section"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC189">10.3 The Format of GNU MO Files</a> </h2>
847
848 <p>The format of the generated MO files is best described by a picture,
849 which appears below.
850 </p>
851 <a name="IDX1054"></a>
852 <p>The first two words serve the identification of the file. The magic
853 number will always signal GNU MO files. The number is stored in the
854 byte order used when the MO file was generated, so the magic number
855 really is two numbers: <code>0x950412de</code> and <code>0xde120495</code>.
856 </p>
857 <p>The second word describes the current revision of the file format,
858 composed of a major and a minor revision number. The revision numbers
859 ensure that the readers of MO files can distinguish new formats from
860 old ones and handle their contents, as far as possible. For now the
861 major revision is 0 or 1, and the minor revision is also 0 or 1. More
862 revisions might be added in the future. A program seeing an unexpected
863 major revision number should stop reading the MO file entirely; whereas
864 an unexpected minor revision number means that the file can be read but
865 will not reveal its full contents, when parsed by a program that
866 supports only smaller minor revision numbers.
867 </p>
868 <p>The version is kept
869 separate from the magic number, instead of using different magic
870 numbers for different formats, mainly because &lsquo;<tt>/etc/magic</tt>&rsquo; is
871 not updated often.
872 </p>
873 <p>Follow a number of pointers to later tables in the file, allowing
874 for the extension of the prefix part of MO files without having to
875 recompile programs reading them. This might become useful for later
876 inserting a few flag bits, indication about the charset used, new
877 tables, or other things.
878 </p>
879 <p>Then, at offset <var>O</var> and offset <var>T</var> in the picture, two tables
880 of string descriptors can be found. In both tables, each string
881 descriptor uses two 32 bits integers, one for the string length,
882 another for the offset of the string in the MO file, counting in bytes
883 from the start of the file. The first table contains descriptors
884 for the original strings, and is sorted so the original strings
885 are in increasing lexicographical order. The second table contains
886 descriptors for the translated strings, and is parallel to the first
887 table: to find the corresponding translation one has to access the
888 array slot in the second array with the same index.
889 </p>
890 <p>Having the original strings sorted enables the use of simple binary
891 search, for when the MO file does not contain an hashing table, or
892 for when it is not practical to use the hashing table provided in
893 the MO file. This also has another advantage, as the empty string
894 in a PO file GNU <code>gettext</code> is usually <em>translated</em> into
895 some system information attached to that particular MO file, and the
896 empty string necessarily becomes the first in both the original and
897 translated tables, making the system information very easy to find.
898 </p>
899 <a name="IDX1055"></a>
900 <p>The size <var>S</var> of the hash table can be zero. In this case, the
901 hash table itself is not contained in the MO file. Some people might
902 prefer this because a precomputed hashing table takes disk space, and
903 does not win <em>that</em> much speed. The hash table contains indices
904 to the sorted array of strings in the MO file. Conflict resolution is
905 done by double hashing. The precise hashing algorithm used is fairly
906 dependent on GNU <code>gettext</code> code, and is not documented here.
907 </p>
908 <p>As for the strings themselves, they follow the hash file, and each
909 is terminated with a &lt;NUL&gt;, and this &lt;NUL&gt; is not counted in
910 the length which appears in the string descriptor. The <code>msgfmt</code>
911 program has an option selecting the alignment for MO file strings.
912 With this option, each string is separately aligned so it starts at
913 an offset which is a multiple of the alignment value. On some RISC
914 machines, a correct alignment will speed things up.
915 </p>
916 <a name="IDX1056"></a>
917 <p>Contexts are stored by storing the concatenation of the context, a
918 &lt;EOT&gt; byte, and the original string, instead of the original string.
919 </p>
920 <a name="IDX1057"></a>
921 <p>Plural forms are stored by letting the plural of the original string
922 follow the singular of the original string, separated through a
923 &lt;NUL&gt; byte. The length which appears in the string descriptor
924 includes both. However, only the singular of the original string
925 takes part in the hash table lookup. The plural variants of the
926 translation are all stored consecutively, separated through a
927 &lt;NUL&gt; byte. Here also, the length in the string descriptor
928 includes all of them.
929 </p>
930 <a name="IDX1058"></a>
931 <p>The character encoding of the strings can be any standard ASCII-compatible
932 encoding, such as UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, EUC-JP, etc., as long as the
933 encoding's name is stated in the header entry (see section <a href="gettext_6.html#SEC52">Filling in the Header Entry</a>).
934 Starting with GNU <code>gettext</code> version 0.22, the MO files produced by
935 <code>msgfmt</code> have them in UTF-8 encoding, unless the <code>msgfmt</code>
936 option &lsquo;<samp>--no-convert</samp>&rsquo; is used.
937 </p>
938 <p>Nothing prevents a MO file from having embedded &lt;NUL&gt;s in strings.
939 However, the program interface currently used already presumes
940 that strings are &lt;NUL&gt; terminated, so embedded &lt;NUL&gt;s are
941 somewhat useless. But the MO file format is general enough so other
942 interfaces would be later possible, if for example, we ever want to
943 implement wide characters right in MO files, where &lt;NUL&gt; bytes may
944 accidentally appear. (No, we don't want to have wide characters in MO
945 files. They would make the file unnecessarily large, and the
946 &lsquo;<samp>wchar_t</samp>&rsquo; type being platform dependent, MO files would be
947 platform dependent as well.)
948 </p>
949 <p>This particular issue has been strongly debated in the GNU
950 <code>gettext</code> development forum, and it is expectable that MO file
951 format will evolve or change over time. It is even possible that many
952 formats may later be supported concurrently. But surely, we have to
953 start somewhere, and the MO file format described here is a good start.
954 Nothing is cast in concrete, and the format may later evolve fairly
955 easily, so we should feel comfortable with the current approach.
956 </p>
957 <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example"> byte
958 +------------------------------------------+
959 0 | magic number = 0x950412de |
960 | |
961 4 | file format revision = 0 |
962 | |
963 8 | number of strings | == N
964 | |
965 12 | offset of table with original strings | == O
966 | |
967 16 | offset of table with translation strings | == T
968 | |
969 20 | size of hashing table | == S
970 | |
971 24 | offset of hashing table | == H
972 | |
973 . .
974 . (possibly more entries later) .
975 . .
976 | |
977 O | length &amp; offset 0th string ----------------.
978 O + 8 | length &amp; offset 1st string ------------------.
979 ... ... | |
980 O + ((N-1)*8)| length &amp; offset (N-1)th string | | |
981 | | | |
982 T | length &amp; offset 0th translation ---------------.
983 T + 8 | length &amp; offset 1st translation -----------------.
984 ... ... | | | |
985 T + ((N-1)*8)| length &amp; offset (N-1)th translation | | | | |
986 | | | | | |
987 H | start hash table | | | | |
988 ... ... | | | |
989 H + S * 4 | end hash table | | | | |
990 | | | | | |
991 | NUL terminated 0th string &lt;----------------' | | |
992 | | | | |
993 | NUL terminated 1st string &lt;------------------' | |
994 | | | |
995 ... ... | |
996 | | | |
997 | NUL terminated 0th translation &lt;---------------' |
998 | | |
999 | NUL terminated 1st translation &lt;-----------------'
1000 | |
1001 ... ...
1002 | |
1003 +------------------------------------------+
1004 </pre></td></tr></table>
1005
1006
1007 <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
1008 <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC173" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
1009 <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_11.html#SEC197" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
1010 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
1011 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
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1013 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
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