jpayne@68: This is autosprintf.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.8 from
jpayne@68: autosprintf.texi.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    Copyright (C) 2002-2003, 2006-2007, 2018-2019 Free Software
jpayne@68: Foundation, Inc.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    This manual is free documentation.  It is dually licensed under the
jpayne@68: GNU FDL and the GNU GPL. This means that you can redistribute this
jpayne@68: manual under either of these two licenses, at your choice.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    This manual is covered by the GNU FDL. Permission is granted to copy,
jpayne@68: distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free
jpayne@68: Documentation License (FDL), either version 1.2 of the License, or (at
jpayne@68: your option) any later version published by the Free Software Foundation
jpayne@68: (FSF); with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Text, and with no
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jpayne@68: INFO-DIR-SECTION C++ libraries
jpayne@68: START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
jpayne@68: * autosprintf: (autosprintf).   Support for printf format strings in C++.
jpayne@68: END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    This file provides documentation for GNU 'autosprintf' library.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: File: autosprintf.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Introduction,  Up: (dir)
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: GNU autosprintf
jpayne@68: ***************
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    This manual documents the GNU autosprintf class, version 1.0.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: * Menu:
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: * Introduction::                Introduction
jpayne@68: * Class autosprintf::           The 'autosprintf' class
jpayne@68: * Using autosprintf::           Using 'autosprintf' in own programs
jpayne@68: * Licenses::
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: File: autosprintf.info,  Node: Introduction,  Next: Class autosprintf,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: 1 Introduction
jpayne@68: **************
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    This package makes the C formatted output routines ('fprintf' et al.)
jpayne@68: usable in C++ programs, for use with the '<string>' strings and the
jpayne@68: '<iostream>' streams.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    It allows to write code like
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      cerr << autosprintf ("syntax error in %s:%d: %s", filename, line, errstring);
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: instead of
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      cerr << "syntax error in " << filename << ":" << line << ": " << errstring;
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    The benefits of the autosprintf syntax are:
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    * It reuses the standard POSIX printf facility.  Easy migration from
jpayne@68:      C to C++.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    * English sentences are kept together.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    * It makes internationalization possible.  Internationalization
jpayne@68:      requires format strings, because in some cases the translator needs
jpayne@68:      to change the order of a sentence, and more generally it is easier
jpayne@68:      for the translator to work with a single string for a sentence than
jpayne@68:      with multiple string pieces.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    * It reduces the risk of programming errors due to forgotten state in
jpayne@68:      the output stream (e.g. 'cout << hex;' not followed by 'cout <<
jpayne@68:      dec;').
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: File: autosprintf.info,  Node: Class autosprintf,  Next: Using autosprintf,  Prev: Introduction,  Up: Top
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: 2 The 'autosprintf' class
jpayne@68: *************************
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    An instance of class 'autosprintf' just contains a string with the
jpayne@68: formatted output result.  Such an instance is usually allocated as an
jpayne@68: automatic storage variable, i.e. on the stack, not with 'new' on the
jpayne@68: heap.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    The constructor 'autosprintf (const char *format, ...)' takes a
jpayne@68: format string and additional arguments, like the C function 'printf'.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    Conversions to 'char *' and 'std::string' are defined that return the
jpayne@68: encapsulated string.  The conversion to 'char *' returns a freshly
jpayne@68: allocated copy of the encapsulated string; it needs to be freed using
jpayne@68: 'delete[]'.  The conversion to 'std::string' returns a copy of the
jpayne@68: encapsulated string, with automatic memory management.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    The destructor '~autosprintf ()' destroys the encapsulated string.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    An 'operator <<' is provided that outputs the encapsulated string to
jpayne@68: the given 'ostream'.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: File: autosprintf.info,  Node: Using autosprintf,  Next: Licenses,  Prev: Class autosprintf,  Up: Top
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: 3 Using 'autosprintf' in own programs
jpayne@68: *************************************
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    To use the 'autosprintf' class in your programs, you need to add
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      #include "autosprintf.h"
jpayne@68:      using gnu::autosprintf;
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: to your source code.  The include file defines the class 'autosprintf',
jpayne@68: in a namespace called 'gnu'.  The 'using' statement makes it possible to
jpayne@68: use the class without the (otherwise natural) 'gnu::' prefix.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    When linking your program, you need to link with 'libasprintf',
jpayne@68: because that's where the class is defined.  In projects using GNU
jpayne@68: 'autoconf', this means adding 'AC_LIB_LINKFLAGS([asprintf])' to
jpayne@68: 'configure.in' or 'configure.ac', and using the @LIBASPRINTF@ Makefile
jpayne@68: variable that it provides.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: File: autosprintf.info,  Node: Licenses,  Prev: Using autosprintf,  Up: Top
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: Appendix A Licenses
jpayne@68: *******************
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    The files of this package are covered by the licenses indicated in
jpayne@68: each particular file or directory.  Here is a summary:
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    * The 'libasprintf' library is covered by the GNU Lesser General
jpayne@68:      Public License (LGPL), either version 2.1 of the License, or (at
jpayne@68:      your option) any later version published by the Free Software
jpayne@68:      Foundation (FSF). A copy of the license is included in *note GNU
jpayne@68:      LGPL::.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    * This manual is free documentation.  It is dually licensed under the
jpayne@68:      GNU FDL and the GNU GPL. This means that you can redistribute this
jpayne@68:      manual under either of these two licenses, at your choice.
jpayne@68:      This manual is covered by the GNU FDL. Permission is granted to
jpayne@68:      copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the
jpayne@68:      GNU Free Documentation License (FDL), either version 1.2 of the
jpayne@68:      License, or (at your option) any later version published by the
jpayne@68:      Free Software Foundation (FSF); with no Invariant Sections, with no
jpayne@68:      Front-Cover Text, and with no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the
jpayne@68:      license is included in *note GNU FDL::.
jpayne@68:      This manual is covered by the GNU GPL. You can redistribute it
jpayne@68:      and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
jpayne@68:      (GPL), either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any
jpayne@68:      later version published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). A
jpayne@68:      copy of the license is included in *note GNU GPL::.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: * Menu:
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: * GNU LGPL::                    GNU Lesser General Public License
jpayne@68: * GNU GPL::                     GNU General Public License
jpayne@68: * GNU FDL::                     GNU Free Documentation License
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: File: autosprintf.info,  Node: GNU LGPL,  Next: GNU GPL,  Up: Licenses
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: A.1 GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
jpayne@68: =====================================
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:                       Version 2.1, February 1999
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jpayne@68:      of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      [This is the first released version of the Lesser GPL.  It also counts
jpayne@68:      as the successor of the GNU Library Public License, version 2, hence the
jpayne@68:      version number 2.1.]
jpayne@68: 
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jpayne@68: File: autosprintf.info,  Node: GNU GPL,  Next: GNU FDL,  Prev: GNU LGPL,  Up: Licenses
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jpayne@68: A.2 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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jpayne@68:      or distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions
jpayne@68:      are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.
jpayne@68:      Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work
jpayne@68:      based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License
jpayne@68:      to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying,
jpayne@68:      distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
jpayne@68:      Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
jpayne@68:      original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject
jpayne@68:      to these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any further
jpayne@68:      restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted
jpayne@68:      herein.  You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third
jpayne@68:      parties to this License.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
jpayne@68:      infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent
jpayne@68:      issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order,
jpayne@68:      agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this
jpayne@68:      License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this
jpayne@68:      License.  If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously
jpayne@68:      your obligations under this License and any other pertinent
jpayne@68:      obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the
jpayne@68:      Program at all.  For example, if a patent license would not permit
jpayne@68:      royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive
jpayne@68:      copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you
jpayne@68:      could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely
jpayne@68:      from distribution of the Program.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable
jpayne@68:      under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is
jpayne@68:      intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply
jpayne@68:      in other circumstances.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
jpayne@68:      patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of
jpayne@68:      any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting
jpayne@68:      the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
jpayne@68:      implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
jpayne@68:      generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
jpayne@68:      through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
jpayne@68:      system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is
jpayne@68:      willing to distribute software through any other system and a
jpayne@68:      licensee cannot impose that choice.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed
jpayne@68:      to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
jpayne@68:      certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces,
jpayne@68:      the original copyright holder who places the Program under this
jpayne@68:      License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation
jpayne@68:      excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only
jpayne@68:      in or among countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this
jpayne@68:      License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of
jpayne@68:      this License.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
jpayne@68:      versions of the General Public License from time to time.  Such new
jpayne@68:      versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
jpayne@68:      differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
jpayne@68:      Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to
jpayne@68:      it and "any later version", you have the option of following the
jpayne@68:      terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version
jpayne@68:      published by the Free Software Foundation.  If the Program does not
jpayne@68:      specify a version number of this License, you may choose any
jpayne@68:      version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
jpayne@68:      programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the
jpayne@68:      author to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted by
jpayne@68:      the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software
jpayne@68:      Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this.  Our decision
jpayne@68:      will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of
jpayne@68:      all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing
jpayne@68:      and reuse of software generally.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:                               NO WARRANTY
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO
jpayne@68:      WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
jpayne@68:      LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
jpayne@68:      AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
jpayne@68:      OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
jpayne@68:      LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
jpayne@68:      FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND
jpayne@68:      PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE
jpayne@68:      DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR
jpayne@68:      OR CORRECTION.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
jpayne@68:      WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY
jpayne@68:      MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE
jpayne@68:      LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL,
jpayne@68:      INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR
jpayne@68:      INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
jpayne@68:      DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU
jpayne@68:      OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY
jpayne@68:      OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN
jpayne@68:      ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:                       END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
jpayne@68: =======================================================
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
jpayne@68: possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
jpayne@68: free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
jpayne@68: terms.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
jpayne@68: to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
jpayne@68: convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
jpayne@68: "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
jpayne@68:      Copyright (C) YYYY  NAME OF AUTHOR
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
jpayne@68:      it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
jpayne@68:      the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
jpayne@68:      (at your option) any later version.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
jpayne@68:      but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
jpayne@68:      MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
jpayne@68:      GNU General Public License for more details.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
jpayne@68:      along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
jpayne@68:      Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
jpayne@68: mail.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like
jpayne@68: this when it starts in an interactive mode:
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR
jpayne@68:      Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
jpayne@68:      This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
jpayne@68:      under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    The hypothetical commands 'show w' and 'show c' should show the
jpayne@68: appropriate parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the
jpayne@68: commands you use may be called something other than 'show w' and 'show
jpayne@68: c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your
jpayne@68: program.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
jpayne@68: your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program,
jpayne@68: if necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
jpayne@68:      `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989
jpayne@68:      Ty Coon, President of Vice
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    This General Public License does not permit incorporating your
jpayne@68: program into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine
jpayne@68: library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
jpayne@68: applications with the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the
jpayne@68: GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: File: autosprintf.info,  Node: GNU FDL,  Prev: GNU GPL,  Up: Licenses
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: A.3 GNU Free Documentation License
jpayne@68: ==================================
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:                       Version 1.2, November 2002
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
jpayne@68:      51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
jpayne@68:      of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   0. PREAMBLE
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
jpayne@68:      functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
jpayne@68:      assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
jpayne@68:      with or without modifying it, either commercially or
jpayne@68:      noncommercially.  Secondarily, this License preserves for the
jpayne@68:      author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
jpayne@68:      being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
jpayne@68:      works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
jpayne@68:      It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
jpayne@68:      license designed for free software.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
jpayne@68:      free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
jpayne@68:      free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
jpayne@68:      that the software does.  But this License is not limited to
jpayne@68:      software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
jpayne@68:      of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.  We
jpayne@68:      recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
jpayne@68:      instruction or reference.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
jpayne@68:      that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
jpayne@68:      be distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice
jpayne@68:      grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
jpayne@68:      to use that work under the conditions stated herein.  The
jpayne@68:      "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work.  Any member
jpayne@68:      of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept
jpayne@68:      the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
jpayne@68:      requiring permission under copyright law.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
jpayne@68:      Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
jpayne@68:      modifications and/or translated into another language.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
jpayne@68:      of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
jpayne@68:      publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
jpayne@68:      subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
jpayne@68:      fall directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document
jpayne@68:      is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
jpayne@68:      explain any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of
jpayne@68:      historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
jpayne@68:      of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
jpayne@68:      regarding them.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
jpayne@68:      titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
jpayne@68:      notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
jpayne@68:      If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
jpayne@68:      is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may
jpayne@68:      contain zero Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify
jpayne@68:      any Invariant Sections then there are none.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
jpayne@68:      listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
jpayne@68:      that says that the Document is released under this License.  A
jpayne@68:      Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
jpayne@68:      be at most 25 words.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
jpayne@68:      represented in a format whose specification is available to the
jpayne@68:      general public, that is suitable for revising the document
jpayne@68:      straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
jpayne@68:      of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
jpayne@68:      available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
jpayne@68:      formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
jpayne@68:      suitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise
jpayne@68:      Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
jpayne@68:      been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
jpayne@68:      readers is not Transparent.  An image format is not Transparent if
jpayne@68:      used for any substantial amount of text.  A copy that is not
jpayne@68:      "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
jpayne@68:      ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
jpayne@68:      SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
jpayne@68:      simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
jpayne@68:      Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
jpayne@68:      Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
jpayne@68:      edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
jpayne@68:      the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
jpayne@68:      the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
jpayne@68:      processors for output purposes only.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
jpayne@68:      plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
jpayne@68:      material this License requires to appear in the title page.  For
jpayne@68:      works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
jpayne@68:      Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
jpayne@68:      work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
jpayne@68:      whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
jpayne@68:      following text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ
jpayne@68:      stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
jpayne@68:      "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
jpayne@68:      To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
jpayne@68:      Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
jpayne@68:      to this definition.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
jpayne@68:      which states that this License applies to the Document.  These
jpayne@68:      Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
jpayne@68:      this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
jpayne@68:      implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
jpayne@68:      has no effect on the meaning of this License.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   2. VERBATIM COPYING
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
jpayne@68:      commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
jpayne@68:      copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
jpayne@68:      applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
jpayne@68:      add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You
jpayne@68:      may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
jpayne@68:      or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However,
jpayne@68:      you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.  If you
jpayne@68:      distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
jpayne@68:      conditions in section 3.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
jpayne@68:      and you may publicly display copies.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
jpayne@68:      have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
jpayne@68:      the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
jpayne@68:      enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
jpayne@68:      these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
jpayne@68:      Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly
jpayne@68:      and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.  The
jpayne@68:      front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
jpayne@68:      equally prominent and visible.  You may add other material on the
jpayne@68:      covers in addition.  Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
jpayne@68:      long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
jpayne@68:      conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
jpayne@68:      legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
jpayne@68:      reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
jpayne@68:      adjacent pages.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
jpayne@68:      numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
jpayne@68:      Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
jpayne@68:      each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
jpayne@68:      network-using public has access to download using public-standard
jpayne@68:      network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
jpayne@68:      of added material.  If you use the latter option, you must take
jpayne@68:      reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
jpayne@68:      copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
jpayne@68:      remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
jpayne@68:      year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
jpayne@68:      through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
jpayne@68:      the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
jpayne@68:      to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
jpayne@68:      Document.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   4. MODIFICATIONS
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
jpayne@68:      under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
jpayne@68:      release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
jpayne@68:      Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
jpayne@68:      distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
jpayne@68:      possesses a copy of it.  In addition, you must do these things in
jpayne@68:      the Modified Version:
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:        A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
jpayne@68:           distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
jpayne@68:           versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
jpayne@68:           History section of the Document).  You may use the same title
jpayne@68:           as a previous version if the original publisher of that
jpayne@68:           version gives permission.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:        B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
jpayne@68:           entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
jpayne@68:           the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
jpayne@68:           principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
jpayne@68:           authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
jpayne@68:           from this requirement.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:        C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
jpayne@68:           Modified Version, as the publisher.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:        D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:        E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
jpayne@68:           adjacent to the other copyright notices.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:        F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
jpayne@68:           notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
jpayne@68:           Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
jpayne@68:           the Addendum below.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:        G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
jpayne@68:           Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
jpayne@68:           license notice.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:        H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:        I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
jpayne@68:           and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
jpayne@68:           authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
jpayne@68:           Title Page.  If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
jpayne@68:           Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
jpayne@68:           publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
jpayne@68:           an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
jpayne@68:           previous sentence.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:        J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
jpayne@68:           for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
jpayne@68:           likewise the network locations given in the Document for
jpayne@68:           previous versions it was based on.  These may be placed in the
jpayne@68:           "History" section.  You may omit a network location for a work
jpayne@68:           that was published at least four years before the Document
jpayne@68:           itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
jpayne@68:           to gives permission.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:        K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
jpayne@68:           Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
jpayne@68:           all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
jpayne@68:           acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:        L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
jpayne@68:           in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers or the
jpayne@68:           equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:        M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
jpayne@68:           may not be included in the Modified Version.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:        N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
jpayne@68:           "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
jpayne@68:           Section.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:        O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
jpayne@68:      appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
jpayne@68:      material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
jpayne@68:      some or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their
jpayne@68:      titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's
jpayne@68:      license notice.  These titles must be distinct from any other
jpayne@68:      section titles.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
jpayne@68:      nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
jpayne@68:      parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
jpayne@68:      has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
jpayne@68:      definition of a standard.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
jpayne@68:      and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
jpayne@68:      the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage
jpayne@68:      of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
jpayne@68:      through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document
jpayne@68:      already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
jpayne@68:      by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
jpayne@68:      behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
jpayne@68:      one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
jpayne@68:      the old one.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
jpayne@68:      License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
jpayne@68:      assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      You may combine the Document with other documents released under
jpayne@68:      this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
jpayne@68:      modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
jpayne@68:      of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
jpayne@68:      unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
jpayne@68:      combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
jpayne@68:      their Warranty Disclaimers.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
jpayne@68:      multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
jpayne@68:      copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
jpayne@68:      but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
jpayne@68:      by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
jpayne@68:      original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
jpayne@68:      unique number.  Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
jpayne@68:      the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
jpayne@68:      combined work.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
jpayne@68:      "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
jpayne@68:      Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
jpayne@68:      "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You
jpayne@68:      must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
jpayne@68:      documents released under this License, and replace the individual
jpayne@68:      copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
jpayne@68:      that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
jpayne@68:      rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
jpayne@68:      in all other respects.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
jpayne@68:      distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
jpayne@68:      a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
jpayne@68:      License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
jpayne@68:      document.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
jpayne@68:      separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
jpayne@68:      storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
jpayne@68:      copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
jpayne@68:      legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
jpayne@68:      works permit.  When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
jpayne@68:      License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
jpayne@68:      are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
jpayne@68:      copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
jpayne@68:      of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
jpayne@68:      on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
jpayne@68:      electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
jpayne@68:      form.  Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
jpayne@68:      the whole aggregate.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   8. TRANSLATION
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
jpayne@68:      distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
jpayne@68:      4.  Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
jpayne@68:      permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
jpayne@68:      translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
jpayne@68:      original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
jpayne@68:      translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
jpayne@68:      Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
jpayne@68:      include the original English version of this License and the
jpayne@68:      original versions of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a
jpayne@68:      disagreement between the translation and the original version of
jpayne@68:      this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
jpayne@68:      prevail.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
jpayne@68:      "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
jpayne@68:      Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
jpayne@68:      actual title.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   9. TERMINATION
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
jpayne@68:      except as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other
jpayne@68:      attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
jpayne@68:      void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
jpayne@68:      License.  However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
jpayne@68:      from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated
jpayne@68:      so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:   10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
jpayne@68:      the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
jpayne@68:      versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
jpayne@68:      differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
jpayne@68:      <https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:      Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
jpayne@68:      number.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
jpayne@68:      version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
jpayne@68:      have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
jpayne@68:      that specified version or of any later version that has been
jpayne@68:      published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the
jpayne@68:      Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
jpayne@68:      choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
jpayne@68:      Software Foundation.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
jpayne@68: ====================================================
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
jpayne@68: the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
jpayne@68: notices just after the title page:
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:        Copyright (C)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
jpayne@68:        Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
jpayne@68:        under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
jpayne@68:        or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
jpayne@68:        with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
jpayne@68:        Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
jpayne@68:        Free Documentation License''.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
jpayne@68: Texts, replace the "with...Texts."  line with this:
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:          with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
jpayne@68:          the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
jpayne@68:          being LIST.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
jpayne@68: combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
jpayne@68: situation.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68:    If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
jpayne@68: recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
jpayne@68: software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
jpayne@68: their use in free software.
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: Tag Table:
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jpayne@68: End Tag Table
jpayne@68: 
jpayne@68: 
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