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14 <title>GNU gettext utilities: C. Licenses</title>
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43
44 <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
45 <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_19.html#SEC376" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
46 <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_21.html#SEC389" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
47 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
48 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
49 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
50 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
51 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
52 <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_toc.html#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
53 <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
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55 <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
56 </tr></table>
57
58 <hr size="2">
59 <a name="Licenses"></a>
60 <a name="SEC377"></a>
61 <h1 class="appendix"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC370">C. Licenses</a> </h1>
62
63 <p>The files of this package are covered by the licenses indicated in each
64 particular file or directory. Here is a summary:
65 </p>
66 <ul>
67 <li>
68 The <code>libintl</code> and <code>libasprintf</code> libraries are covered by the
69 GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).
70 A copy of the license is included in <a href="#SEC382">GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</a>.
71
72 </li><li>
73 The executable programs of this package and the <code>libgettextpo</code> library
74 are covered by the GNU General Public License (GPL).
75 A copy of the license is included in <a href="#SEC378">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</a>.
76
77 </li><li>
78 This manual is free documentation. It is dually licensed under the
79 GNU FDL and the GNU GPL. This means that you can redistribute this
80 manual under either of these two licenses, at your choice.
81 <br>
82 This manual is covered by the GNU FDL. Permission is granted to copy,
83 distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the
84 GNU Free Documentation License (FDL), either version 1.2 of the
85 License, or (at your option) any later version published by the
86 Free Software Foundation (FSF); with no Invariant Sections, with no
87 Front-Cover Text, and with no Back-Cover Texts.
88 A copy of the license is included in <a href="#SEC387">GNU Free Documentation License</a>.
89 <br>
90 This manual is covered by the GNU GPL. You can redistribute it and/or
91 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL), either
92 version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version published
93 by the Free Software Foundation (FSF).
94 A copy of the license is included in <a href="#SEC378">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</a>.
95 </li></ul>
96
97
98
99
100 <a name="GNU-GPL"></a>
101 <a name="SEC378"></a>
102 <h2 class="appendixsec"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC371">C.1 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</a> </h2>
103 <p align="center"> Version 2, June 1991
104 </p>
105
106 <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="display">Copyright &copy; 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
107 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
108
109 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
110 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
111 </pre></td></tr></table>
112
113 <a name="SEC379"></a>
114 <h2 class="heading"> Preamble </h2>
115
116 <p> The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
117 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
118 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
119 software&mdash;to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
120 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
121 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
122 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
123 the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
124 your programs, too.
125 </p>
126 <p> When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
127 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
128 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
129 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
130 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
131 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
132 </p>
133 <p> To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
134 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
135 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
136 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
137 </p>
138 <p> For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
139 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
140 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
141 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
142 rights.
143 </p>
144 <p> We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
145 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
146 distribute and/or modify the software.
147 </p>
148 <p> Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
149 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
150 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
151 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
152 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
153 authors' reputations.
154 </p>
155 <p> Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
156 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
157 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
158 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
159 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
160 </p>
161 <p> The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
162 modification follow.
163 </p>
164 <a name="SEC380"></a>
165 <h2 class="heading"> TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION </h2>
166
167 <ol>
168 <li>
169 This License applies to any program or other work which contains
170 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
171 under the terms of this General Public License. The &ldquo;Program&rdquo;, below,
172 refers to any such program or work, and a &ldquo;work based on the Program&rdquo;
173 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
174 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
175 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
176 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
177 the term &ldquo;modification&rdquo;.) Each licensee is addressed as &ldquo;you&rdquo;.
178
179 <p>Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
180 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
181 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
182 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
183 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
184 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
185 </p>
186 </li><li>
187 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
188 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
189 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
190 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
191 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
192 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
193 along with the Program.
194
195 <p>You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
196 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
197 </p>
198 </li><li>
199 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
200 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
201 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
202 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
203
204 <ol>
205 <li>
206 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
207 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
208
209 </li><li>
210 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
211 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
212 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
213 parties under the terms of this License.
214
215 </li><li>
216 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
217 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
218 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
219 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
220 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
221 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
222 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
223 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
224 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
225 the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
226 </li></ol>
227
228 <p>These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
229 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
230 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
231 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
232 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
233 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
234 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
235 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
236 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
237 </p>
238 <p>Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
239 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
240 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
241 collective works based on the Program.
242 </p>
243 <p>In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
244 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
245 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
246 the scope of this License.
247 </p>
248 </li><li>
249 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
250 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
251 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
252
253 <ol>
254 <li>
255 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
256 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
257 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
258
259 </li><li>
260 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
261 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
262 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
263 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
264 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
265 customarily used for software interchange; or,
266
267 </li><li>
268 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
269 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
270 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
271 received the program in object code or executable form with such
272 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
273 </li></ol>
274
275 <p>The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
276 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
277 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
278 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
279 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
280 special exception, the source code distributed need not include
281 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
282 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
283 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
284 itself accompanies the executable.
285 </p>
286 <p>If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
287 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
288 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
289 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
290 compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
291 </p>
292 </li><li>
293 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
294 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
295 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
296 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
297 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
298 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
299 parties remain in full compliance.
300
301 </li><li>
302 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
303 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
304 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
305 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
306 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
307 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
308 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
309 the Program or works based on it.
310
311 </li><li>
312 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
313 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
314 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
315 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
316 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
317 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
318 this License.
319
320 </li><li>
321 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
322 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
323 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
324 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
325 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
326 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
327 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
328 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
329 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
330 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
331 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
332 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
333
334 <p>If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
335 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
336 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
337 circumstances.
338 </p>
339 <p>It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
340 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
341 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
342 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
343 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
344 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
345 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
346 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
347 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
348 impose that choice.
349 </p>
350 <p>This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
351 be a consequence of the rest of this License.
352 </p>
353 </li><li>
354 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
355 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
356 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
357 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
358 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
359 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
360 the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
361
362 </li><li>
363 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
364 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
365 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
366 address new problems or concerns.
367
368 <p>Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
369 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and &ldquo;any
370 later version&rdquo;, you have the option of following the terms and conditions
371 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
372 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
373 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
374 Foundation.
375 </p>
376 </li><li>
377 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
378 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
379 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
380 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
381 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
382 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
383 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
384
385
386 </li><li>
387 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
388 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
389 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
390 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM &ldquo;AS IS&rdquo; WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
391 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
392 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
393 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
394 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
395 REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
396
397 </li><li>
398 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
399 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
400 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
401 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
402 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
403 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
404 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
405 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
406 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
407 </li></ol>
408
409
410
411 <a name="SEC381"></a>
412 <h2 class="heading"> Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs </h2>
413
414 <p> If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
415 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
416 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
417 </p>
418 <p> To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
419 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
420 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
421 the &ldquo;copyright&rdquo; line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
422 </p>
423 <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="smallexample"><var>one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.</var>
424 Copyright (C) <var>yyyy</var> <var>name of author</var>
425
426 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
427 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
428 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
429 (at your option) any later version.
430
431 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
432 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
433 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
434 GNU General Public License for more details.
435
436 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
437 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
438 Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
439 </pre></td></tr></table>
440
441 <p>Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
442 </p>
443 <p>If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
444 when it starts in an interactive mode:
445 </p>
446 <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="smallexample">Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) <var>year</var> <var>name of author</var>
447 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
448 This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
449 under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
450 </pre></td></tr></table>
451
452 <p>The hypothetical commands &lsquo;<samp>show w</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>show c</samp>&rsquo; should show
453 the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the
454 commands you use may be called something other than &lsquo;<samp>show w</samp>&rsquo; and
455 &lsquo;<samp>show c</samp>&rsquo;; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items&mdash;whatever
456 suits your program.
457 </p>
458 <p>You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
459 school, if any, to sign a &ldquo;copyright disclaimer&rdquo; for the program, if
460 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
461 </p>
462 <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
463 `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
464
465 <var>signature of Ty Coon</var>, 1 April 1989
466 Ty Coon, President of Vice
467 </pre></td></tr></table>
468
469 <p>This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
470 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
471 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
472 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
473 Public License instead of this License.
474
475 </p>
476 <a name="GNU-LGPL"></a>
477 <a name="SEC382"></a>
478 <h2 class="appendixsec"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC372">C.2 GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</a> </h2>
479 <p align="center"> Version 2.1, February 1999
480 </p>
481
482 <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="display">Copyright &copy; 1991, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
483 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
484
485 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
486 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
487
488 [This is the first released version of the Lesser GPL. It also counts
489 as the successor of the GNU Library Public License, version 2, hence the
490 version number 2.1.]
491 </pre></td></tr></table>
492
493 <a name="SEC383"></a>
494 <h3 class="subheading"> Preamble </h3>
495
496 <p> The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
497 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
498 Licenses are intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change
499 free software&mdash;to make sure the software is free for all its users.
500 </p>
501 <p> This license, the Lesser General Public License, applies to some
502 specially designated software&mdash;typically libraries&mdash;of the Free
503 Software Foundation and other authors who decide to use it. You can use
504 it too, but we suggest you first think carefully about whether this
505 license or the ordinary General Public License is the better strategy to
506 use in any particular case, based on the explanations below.
507 </p>
508 <p> When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom of use,
509 not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that
510 you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge
511 for this service if you wish); that you receive source code or can get
512 it if you want it; that you can change the software and use pieces of it
513 in new free programs; and that you are informed that you can do these
514 things.
515 </p>
516 <p> To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
517 distributors to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender these
518 rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for
519 you if you distribute copies of the library or if you modify it.
520 </p>
521 <p> For example, if you distribute copies of the library, whether gratis
522 or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that we gave
523 you. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source
524 code. If you link other code with the library, you must provide
525 complete object files to the recipients, so that they can relink them
526 with the library after making changes to the library and recompiling
527 it. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
528 </p>
529 <p> We protect your rights with a two-step method: (1) we copyright the
530 library, and (2) we offer you this license, which gives you legal
531 permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the library.
532 </p>
533 <p> To protect each distributor, we want to make it very clear that
534 there is no warranty for the free library. Also, if the library is
535 modified by someone else and passed on, the recipients should know
536 that what they have is not the original version, so that the original
537 author's reputation will not be affected by problems that might be
538 introduced by others.
539 </p>
540 <p> Finally, software patents pose a constant threat to the existence of
541 any free program. We wish to make sure that a company cannot
542 effectively restrict the users of a free program by obtaining a
543 restrictive license from a patent holder. Therefore, we insist that
544 any patent license obtained for a version of the library must be
545 consistent with the full freedom of use specified in this license.
546 </p>
547 <p> Most GNU software, including some libraries, is covered by the
548 ordinary GNU General Public License. This license, the GNU Lesser
549 General Public License, applies to certain designated libraries, and
550 is quite different from the ordinary General Public License. We use
551 this license for certain libraries in order to permit linking those
552 libraries into non-free programs.
553 </p>
554 <p> When a program is linked with a library, whether statically or using
555 a shared library, the combination of the two is legally speaking a
556 combined work, a derivative of the original library. The ordinary
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975 <a name="SEC385"></a>
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1020
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1024
1025 <p>That's all there is to it!
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1028 <a name="GNU-FDL"></a>
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1030 <h2 class="appendixsec"> <a href="gettext_toc.html#TOC373">C.3 GNU Free Documentation License</a> </h2>
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1033
1034 <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="display">Copyright &copy; 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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1040
1041 <ol>
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1043 PREAMBLE
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1124 PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> designed for human modification. Examples
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1126 <acronym>JPG</acronym>. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
1127 read and edited only by proprietary word processors, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or
1128 <acronym>XML</acronym> for which the <acronym>DTD</acronym> and/or processing tools are
1129 not generally available, and the machine-generated <acronym>HTML</acronym>,
1130 PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> produced by some word processors for
1131 output purposes only.
1132 </p>
1133 <p>The &ldquo;Title Page&rdquo; means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
1134 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
1135 this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
1136 formats which do not have any title page as such, &ldquo;Title Page&rdquo; means
1137 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
1138 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
1139 </p>
1140 <p>A section &ldquo;Entitled XYZ&rdquo; means a named subunit of the Document whose
1141 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
1142 text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
1143 specific section name mentioned below, such as &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
1144 &ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;, or &ldquo;History&rdquo;.) To &ldquo;Preserve the Title&rdquo;
1145 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
1146 section &ldquo;Entitled XYZ&rdquo; according to this definition.
1147 </p>
1148 <p>The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
1149 states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
1150 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
1151 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
1152 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
1153 no effect on the meaning of this License.
1154 </p>
1155 </li><li>
1156 VERBATIM COPYING
1157
1158 <p>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
1159 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
1160 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
1161 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
1162 conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
1163 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
1164 copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
1165 compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
1166 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
1167 </p>
1168 <p>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
1169 you may publicly display copies.
1170 </p>
1171 </li><li>
1172 COPYING IN QUANTITY
1173
1174 <p>If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
1175 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
1176 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
1177 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
1178 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
1179 the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
1180 you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
1181 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
1182 visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
1183 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
1184 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
1185 as verbatim copying in other respects.
1186 </p>
1187 <p>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
1188 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
1189 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
1190 pages.
1191 </p>
1192 <p>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
1193 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
1194 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
1195 a computer-network location from which the general network-using
1196 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
1197 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
1198 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
1199 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
1200 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
1201 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
1202 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
1203 edition to the public.
1204 </p>
1205 <p>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
1206 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
1207 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
1208 </p>
1209 </li><li>
1210 MODIFICATIONS
1211
1212 <p>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
1213 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
1214 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
1215 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
1216 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
1217 of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
1218 </p>
1219 <ol>
1220 <li>
1221 Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
1222 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
1223 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
1224 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
1225 if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
1226
1227 </li><li>
1228 List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
1229 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
1230 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
1231 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
1232 unless they release you from this requirement.
1233
1234 </li><li>
1235 State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
1236 Modified Version, as the publisher.
1237
1238 </li><li>
1239 Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
1240
1241 </li><li>
1242 Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
1243 adjacent to the other copyright notices.
1244
1245 </li><li>
1246 Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
1247 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
1248 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
1249
1250 </li><li>
1251 Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
1252 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
1253
1254 </li><li>
1255 Include an unaltered copy of this License.
1256
1257 </li><li>
1258 Preserve the section Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo;, Preserve its Title, and add
1259 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
1260 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
1261 there is no section Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo; in the Document, create one
1262 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
1263 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
1264 Version as stated in the previous sentence.
1265
1266 </li><li>
1267 Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
1268 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
1269 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
1270 it was based on. These may be placed in the &ldquo;History&rdquo; section.
1271 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
1272 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
1273 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
1274
1275 </li><li>
1276 For any section Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo; or &ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, Preserve
1277 the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
1278 substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
1279 dedications given therein.
1280
1281 </li><li>
1282 Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
1283 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
1284 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
1285
1286 </li><li>
1287 Delete any section Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;. Such a section
1288 may not be included in the Modified Version.
1289
1290 </li><li>
1291 Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo; or
1292 to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
1293
1294 </li><li>
1295 Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
1296 </li></ol>
1297
1298 <p>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
1299 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
1300 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
1301 of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
1302 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
1303 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
1304 </p>
1305 <p>You may add a section Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;, provided it contains
1306 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
1307 parties&mdash;for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
1308 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
1309 standard.
1310 </p>
1311 <p>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
1312 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
1313 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
1314 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
1315 through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
1316 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
1317 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
1318 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
1319 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
1320 </p>
1321 <p>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
1322 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
1323 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
1324 </p>
1325 </li><li>
1326 COMBINING DOCUMENTS
1327
1328 <p>You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
1329 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
1330 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
1331 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
1332 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
1333 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
1334 </p>
1335 <p>The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
1336 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
1337 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
1338 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
1339 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
1340 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
1341 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
1342 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
1343 </p>
1344 <p>In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo;
1345 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
1346 &ldquo;History&rdquo;; likewise combine any sections Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
1347 and any sections Entitled &ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;. You must delete all
1348 sections Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements.&rdquo;
1349 </p>
1350 </li><li>
1351 COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
1352
1353 <p>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
1354 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
1355 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
1356 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
1357 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
1358 </p>
1359 <p>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
1360 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
1361 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
1362 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
1363 </p>
1364 </li><li>
1365 AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
1366
1367 <p>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
1368 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
1369 distribution medium, is called an &ldquo;aggregate&rdquo; if the copyright
1370 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
1371 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
1372 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
1373 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
1374 derivative works of the Document.
1375 </p>
1376 <p>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
1377 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
1378 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
1379 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
1380 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
1381 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
1382 aggregate.
1383 </p>
1384 </li><li>
1385 TRANSLATION
1386
1387 <p>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
1388 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
1389 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
1390 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
1391 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
1392 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
1393 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
1394 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
1395 the original English version of this License and the original versions
1396 of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
1397 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
1398 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
1399 </p>
1400 <p>If a section in the Document is Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
1401 &ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, or &ldquo;History&rdquo;, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
1402 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
1403 title.
1404 </p>
1405 </li><li>
1406 TERMINATION
1407
1408 <p>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
1409 as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
1410 copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
1411 automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
1412 parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
1413 License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
1414 parties remain in full compliance.
1415 </p>
1416 </li><li>
1417 FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
1418
1419 <p>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
1420 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
1421 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
1422 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
1423 <a href="https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/">https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</a>.
1424 </p>
1425 <p>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
1426 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
1427 License &ldquo;or any later version&rdquo; applies to it, you have the option of
1428 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
1429 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
1430 Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
1431 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
1432 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
1433 </p></li></ol>
1434
1435
1436 <a name="SEC388"></a>
1437 <h2 class="heading"> ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents </h2>
1438
1439 <p>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
1440 the License in the document and put the following copyright and
1441 license notices just after the title page:
1442 </p>
1443 <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="smallexample"> Copyright (C) <var>year</var> <var>your name</var>.
1444 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
1445 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
1446 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
1447 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
1448 Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
1449 Free Documentation License''.
1450 </pre></td></tr></table>
1451
1452 <p>If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
1453 replace the &ldquo;with&hellip;Texts.&rdquo; line with this:
1454 </p>
1455 <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="smallexample"> with the Invariant Sections being <var>list their titles</var>, with
1456 the Front-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>, and with the Back-Cover Texts
1457 being <var>list</var>.
1458 </pre></td></tr></table>
1459
1460 <p>If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
1461 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
1462 situation.
1463 </p>
1464 <p>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
1465 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
1466 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
1467 to permit their use in free software.
1468 </p>
1469
1470
1471 <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
1472 <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC377" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
1473 <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_21.html#SEC389" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
1474 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
1475 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
1476 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
1477 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
1478 <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
1479 <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_toc.html#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
1480 <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
1481 <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_21.html#SEC389" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
1482 <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="gettext_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
1483 </tr></table>
1484 <p>
1485 <font size="-1">
1486 This document was generated by <em>Bruno Haible</em> on <em>February, 21 2024</em> using <a href="https://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.78a</em></a>.
1487 </font>
1488 <br>
1489
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