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jpayne@68 1 This is autosprintf.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.8 from
jpayne@68 2 autosprintf.texi.
jpayne@68 3
jpayne@68 4 Copyright (C) 2002-2003, 2006-2007, 2018-2019 Free Software
jpayne@68 5 Foundation, Inc.
jpayne@68 6
jpayne@68 7 This manual is free documentation. It is dually licensed under the
jpayne@68 8 GNU FDL and the GNU GPL. This means that you can redistribute this
jpayne@68 9 manual under either of these two licenses, at your choice.
jpayne@68 10
jpayne@68 11 This manual is covered by the GNU FDL. Permission is granted to copy,
jpayne@68 12 distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free
jpayne@68 13 Documentation License (FDL), either version 1.2 of the License, or (at
jpayne@68 14 your option) any later version published by the Free Software Foundation
jpayne@68 15 (FSF); with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Text, and with no
jpayne@68 16 Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is at
jpayne@68 17 <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html>.
jpayne@68 18
jpayne@68 19 This manual is covered by the GNU GPL. You can redistribute it and/or
jpayne@68 20 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL),
jpayne@68 21 either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version
jpayne@68 22 published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). A copy of the license
jpayne@68 23 is at <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
jpayne@68 24 INFO-DIR-SECTION C++ libraries
jpayne@68 25 START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
jpayne@68 26 * autosprintf: (autosprintf). Support for printf format strings in C++.
jpayne@68 27 END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
jpayne@68 28
jpayne@68 29 This file provides documentation for GNU 'autosprintf' library.
jpayne@68 30
jpayne@68 31 
jpayne@68 32 File: autosprintf.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir)
jpayne@68 33
jpayne@68 34 GNU autosprintf
jpayne@68 35 ***************
jpayne@68 36
jpayne@68 37 This manual documents the GNU autosprintf class, version 1.0.
jpayne@68 38
jpayne@68 39 * Menu:
jpayne@68 40
jpayne@68 41 * Introduction:: Introduction
jpayne@68 42 * Class autosprintf:: The 'autosprintf' class
jpayne@68 43 * Using autosprintf:: Using 'autosprintf' in own programs
jpayne@68 44 * Licenses::
jpayne@68 45
jpayne@68 46 
jpayne@68 47 File: autosprintf.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Class autosprintf, Prev: Top, Up: Top
jpayne@68 48
jpayne@68 49 1 Introduction
jpayne@68 50 **************
jpayne@68 51
jpayne@68 52 This package makes the C formatted output routines ('fprintf' et al.)
jpayne@68 53 usable in C++ programs, for use with the '<string>' strings and the
jpayne@68 54 '<iostream>' streams.
jpayne@68 55
jpayne@68 56 It allows to write code like
jpayne@68 57
jpayne@68 58 cerr << autosprintf ("syntax error in %s:%d: %s", filename, line, errstring);
jpayne@68 59
jpayne@68 60 instead of
jpayne@68 61
jpayne@68 62 cerr << "syntax error in " << filename << ":" << line << ": " << errstring;
jpayne@68 63
jpayne@68 64 The benefits of the autosprintf syntax are:
jpayne@68 65
jpayne@68 66 * It reuses the standard POSIX printf facility. Easy migration from
jpayne@68 67 C to C++.
jpayne@68 68
jpayne@68 69 * English sentences are kept together.
jpayne@68 70
jpayne@68 71 * It makes internationalization possible. Internationalization
jpayne@68 72 requires format strings, because in some cases the translator needs
jpayne@68 73 to change the order of a sentence, and more generally it is easier
jpayne@68 74 for the translator to work with a single string for a sentence than
jpayne@68 75 with multiple string pieces.
jpayne@68 76
jpayne@68 77 * It reduces the risk of programming errors due to forgotten state in
jpayne@68 78 the output stream (e.g. 'cout << hex;' not followed by 'cout <<
jpayne@68 79 dec;').
jpayne@68 80
jpayne@68 81 
jpayne@68 82 File: autosprintf.info, Node: Class autosprintf, Next: Using autosprintf, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top
jpayne@68 83
jpayne@68 84 2 The 'autosprintf' class
jpayne@68 85 *************************
jpayne@68 86
jpayne@68 87 An instance of class 'autosprintf' just contains a string with the
jpayne@68 88 formatted output result. Such an instance is usually allocated as an
jpayne@68 89 automatic storage variable, i.e. on the stack, not with 'new' on the
jpayne@68 90 heap.
jpayne@68 91
jpayne@68 92 The constructor 'autosprintf (const char *format, ...)' takes a
jpayne@68 93 format string and additional arguments, like the C function 'printf'.
jpayne@68 94
jpayne@68 95 Conversions to 'char *' and 'std::string' are defined that return the
jpayne@68 96 encapsulated string. The conversion to 'char *' returns a freshly
jpayne@68 97 allocated copy of the encapsulated string; it needs to be freed using
jpayne@68 98 'delete[]'. The conversion to 'std::string' returns a copy of the
jpayne@68 99 encapsulated string, with automatic memory management.
jpayne@68 100
jpayne@68 101 The destructor '~autosprintf ()' destroys the encapsulated string.
jpayne@68 102
jpayne@68 103 An 'operator <<' is provided that outputs the encapsulated string to
jpayne@68 104 the given 'ostream'.
jpayne@68 105
jpayne@68 106 
jpayne@68 107 File: autosprintf.info, Node: Using autosprintf, Next: Licenses, Prev: Class autosprintf, Up: Top
jpayne@68 108
jpayne@68 109 3 Using 'autosprintf' in own programs
jpayne@68 110 *************************************
jpayne@68 111
jpayne@68 112 To use the 'autosprintf' class in your programs, you need to add
jpayne@68 113
jpayne@68 114 #include "autosprintf.h"
jpayne@68 115 using gnu::autosprintf;
jpayne@68 116
jpayne@68 117 to your source code. The include file defines the class 'autosprintf',
jpayne@68 118 in a namespace called 'gnu'. The 'using' statement makes it possible to
jpayne@68 119 use the class without the (otherwise natural) 'gnu::' prefix.
jpayne@68 120
jpayne@68 121 When linking your program, you need to link with 'libasprintf',
jpayne@68 122 because that's where the class is defined. In projects using GNU
jpayne@68 123 'autoconf', this means adding 'AC_LIB_LINKFLAGS([asprintf])' to
jpayne@68 124 'configure.in' or 'configure.ac', and using the @LIBASPRINTF@ Makefile
jpayne@68 125 variable that it provides.
jpayne@68 126
jpayne@68 127 
jpayne@68 128 File: autosprintf.info, Node: Licenses, Prev: Using autosprintf, Up: Top
jpayne@68 129
jpayne@68 130 Appendix A Licenses
jpayne@68 131 *******************
jpayne@68 132
jpayne@68 133 The files of this package are covered by the licenses indicated in
jpayne@68 134 each particular file or directory. Here is a summary:
jpayne@68 135
jpayne@68 136 * The 'libasprintf' library is covered by the GNU Lesser General
jpayne@68 137 Public License (LGPL), either version 2.1 of the License, or (at
jpayne@68 138 your option) any later version published by the Free Software
jpayne@68 139 Foundation (FSF). A copy of the license is included in *note GNU
jpayne@68 140 LGPL::.
jpayne@68 141
jpayne@68 142 * This manual is free documentation. It is dually licensed under the
jpayne@68 143 GNU FDL and the GNU GPL. This means that you can redistribute this
jpayne@68 144 manual under either of these two licenses, at your choice.
jpayne@68 145 This manual is covered by the GNU FDL. Permission is granted to
jpayne@68 146 copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the
jpayne@68 147 GNU Free Documentation License (FDL), either version 1.2 of the
jpayne@68 148 License, or (at your option) any later version published by the
jpayne@68 149 Free Software Foundation (FSF); with no Invariant Sections, with no
jpayne@68 150 Front-Cover Text, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
jpayne@68 151 license is included in *note GNU FDL::.
jpayne@68 152 This manual is covered by the GNU GPL. You can redistribute it
jpayne@68 153 and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
jpayne@68 154 (GPL), either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any
jpayne@68 155 later version published by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). A
jpayne@68 156 copy of the license is included in *note GNU GPL::.
jpayne@68 157
jpayne@68 158 * Menu:
jpayne@68 159
jpayne@68 160 * GNU LGPL:: GNU Lesser General Public License
jpayne@68 161 * GNU GPL:: GNU General Public License
jpayne@68 162 * GNU FDL:: GNU Free Documentation License
jpayne@68 163
jpayne@68 164 
jpayne@68 165 File: autosprintf.info, Node: GNU LGPL, Next: GNU GPL, Up: Licenses
jpayne@68 166
jpayne@68 167 A.1 GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
jpayne@68 168 =====================================
jpayne@68 169
jpayne@68 170 Version 2.1, February 1999
jpayne@68 171
jpayne@68 172 Copyright (C) 1991, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
jpayne@68 173 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
jpayne@68 174
jpayne@68 175 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
jpayne@68 176 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
jpayne@68 177
jpayne@68 178 [This is the first released version of the Lesser GPL. It also counts
jpayne@68 179 as the successor of the GNU Library Public License, version 2, hence the
jpayne@68 180 version number 2.1.]
jpayne@68 181
jpayne@68 182 Preamble
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jpayne@68 190 This license, the Lesser General Public License, applies to some
jpayne@68 191 specially designated software--typically libraries--of the Free Software
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jpayne@68 193 but we suggest you first think carefully about whether this license or
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jpayne@68 638 END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
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jpayne@68 641 How to Apply These Terms to Your New Libraries
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jpayne@68 650 To apply these terms, attach the following notices to the library.
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jpayne@68 684 SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1990
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jpayne@68 689 
jpayne@68 690 File: autosprintf.info, Node: GNU GPL, Next: GNU FDL, Prev: GNU LGPL, Up: Licenses
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jpayne@68 692 A.2 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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jpayne@68 899 issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order,
jpayne@68 900 agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this
jpayne@68 901 License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this
jpayne@68 902 License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously
jpayne@68 903 your obligations under this License and any other pertinent
jpayne@68 904 obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the
jpayne@68 905 Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit
jpayne@68 906 royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive
jpayne@68 907 copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you
jpayne@68 908 could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely
jpayne@68 909 from distribution of the Program.
jpayne@68 910
jpayne@68 911 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable
jpayne@68 912 under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is
jpayne@68 913 intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply
jpayne@68 914 in other circumstances.
jpayne@68 915
jpayne@68 916 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
jpayne@68 917 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of
jpayne@68 918 any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting
jpayne@68 919 the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
jpayne@68 920 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
jpayne@68 921 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
jpayne@68 922 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
jpayne@68 923 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is
jpayne@68 924 willing to distribute software through any other system and a
jpayne@68 925 licensee cannot impose that choice.
jpayne@68 926
jpayne@68 927 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed
jpayne@68 928 to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
jpayne@68 929
jpayne@68 930 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
jpayne@68 931 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces,
jpayne@68 932 the original copyright holder who places the Program under this
jpayne@68 933 License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation
jpayne@68 934 excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only
jpayne@68 935 in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this
jpayne@68 936 License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of
jpayne@68 937 this License.
jpayne@68 938
jpayne@68 939 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
jpayne@68 940 versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new
jpayne@68 941 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
jpayne@68 942 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
jpayne@68 943
jpayne@68 944 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
jpayne@68 945 Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to
jpayne@68 946 it and "any later version", you have the option of following the
jpayne@68 947 terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version
jpayne@68 948 published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not
jpayne@68 949 specify a version number of this License, you may choose any
jpayne@68 950 version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
jpayne@68 951
jpayne@68 952 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
jpayne@68 953 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the
jpayne@68 954 author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by
jpayne@68 955 the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software
jpayne@68 956 Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision
jpayne@68 957 will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of
jpayne@68 958 all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing
jpayne@68 959 and reuse of software generally.
jpayne@68 960
jpayne@68 961 NO WARRANTY
jpayne@68 962
jpayne@68 963 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO
jpayne@68 964 WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
jpayne@68 965 LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
jpayne@68 966 AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
jpayne@68 967 OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
jpayne@68 968 LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
jpayne@68 969 FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND
jpayne@68 970 PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE
jpayne@68 971 DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR
jpayne@68 972 OR CORRECTION.
jpayne@68 973
jpayne@68 974 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
jpayne@68 975 WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY
jpayne@68 976 MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE
jpayne@68 977 LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL,
jpayne@68 978 INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR
jpayne@68 979 INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
jpayne@68 980 DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU
jpayne@68 981 OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY
jpayne@68 982 OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN
jpayne@68 983 ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
jpayne@68 984
jpayne@68 985 END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
jpayne@68 986
jpayne@68 987 Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
jpayne@68 988 =======================================================
jpayne@68 989
jpayne@68 990 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
jpayne@68 991 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
jpayne@68 992 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
jpayne@68 993 terms.
jpayne@68 994
jpayne@68 995 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
jpayne@68 996 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
jpayne@68 997 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
jpayne@68 998 "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
jpayne@68 999
jpayne@68 1000 ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
jpayne@68 1001 Copyright (C) YYYY NAME OF AUTHOR
jpayne@68 1002
jpayne@68 1003 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
jpayne@68 1004 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
jpayne@68 1005 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
jpayne@68 1006 (at your option) any later version.
jpayne@68 1007
jpayne@68 1008 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
jpayne@68 1009 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
jpayne@68 1010 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
jpayne@68 1011 GNU General Public License for more details.
jpayne@68 1012
jpayne@68 1013 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
jpayne@68 1014 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
jpayne@68 1015 Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
jpayne@68 1016
jpayne@68 1017 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
jpayne@68 1018 mail.
jpayne@68 1019
jpayne@68 1020 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like
jpayne@68 1021 this when it starts in an interactive mode:
jpayne@68 1022
jpayne@68 1023 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR
jpayne@68 1024 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
jpayne@68 1025 This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
jpayne@68 1026 under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
jpayne@68 1027
jpayne@68 1028 The hypothetical commands 'show w' and 'show c' should show the
jpayne@68 1029 appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the
jpayne@68 1030 commands you use may be called something other than 'show w' and 'show
jpayne@68 1031 c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your
jpayne@68 1032 program.
jpayne@68 1033
jpayne@68 1034 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
jpayne@68 1035 your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program,
jpayne@68 1036 if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
jpayne@68 1037
jpayne@68 1038 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
jpayne@68 1039 `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
jpayne@68 1040
jpayne@68 1041 SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989
jpayne@68 1042 Ty Coon, President of Vice
jpayne@68 1043
jpayne@68 1044 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your
jpayne@68 1045 program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine
jpayne@68 1046 library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
jpayne@68 1047 applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the
jpayne@68 1048 GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License.
jpayne@68 1049
jpayne@68 1050 
jpayne@68 1051 File: autosprintf.info, Node: GNU FDL, Prev: GNU GPL, Up: Licenses
jpayne@68 1052
jpayne@68 1053 A.3 GNU Free Documentation License
jpayne@68 1054 ==================================
jpayne@68 1055
jpayne@68 1056 Version 1.2, November 2002
jpayne@68 1057
jpayne@68 1058 Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
jpayne@68 1059 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
jpayne@68 1060
jpayne@68 1061 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
jpayne@68 1062 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
jpayne@68 1063
jpayne@68 1064 0. PREAMBLE
jpayne@68 1065
jpayne@68 1066 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
jpayne@68 1067 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
jpayne@68 1068 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
jpayne@68 1069 with or without modifying it, either commercially or
jpayne@68 1070 noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
jpayne@68 1071 author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
jpayne@68 1072 being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
jpayne@68 1073
jpayne@68 1074 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
jpayne@68 1075 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
jpayne@68 1076 It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
jpayne@68 1077 license designed for free software.
jpayne@68 1078
jpayne@68 1079 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
jpayne@68 1080 free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
jpayne@68 1081 free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
jpayne@68 1082 that the software does. But this License is not limited to
jpayne@68 1083 software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
jpayne@68 1084 of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We
jpayne@68 1085 recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
jpayne@68 1086 instruction or reference.
jpayne@68 1087
jpayne@68 1088 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
jpayne@68 1089
jpayne@68 1090 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
jpayne@68 1091 that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
jpayne@68 1092 be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
jpayne@68 1093 grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
jpayne@68 1094 to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
jpayne@68 1095 "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
jpayne@68 1096 of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept
jpayne@68 1097 the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
jpayne@68 1098 requiring permission under copyright law.
jpayne@68 1099
jpayne@68 1100 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
jpayne@68 1101 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
jpayne@68 1102 modifications and/or translated into another language.
jpayne@68 1103
jpayne@68 1104 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
jpayne@68 1105 of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
jpayne@68 1106 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
jpayne@68 1107 subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
jpayne@68 1108 fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
jpayne@68 1109 is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
jpayne@68 1110 explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
jpayne@68 1111 historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
jpayne@68 1112 of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
jpayne@68 1113 regarding them.
jpayne@68 1114
jpayne@68 1115 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
jpayne@68 1116 titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
jpayne@68 1117 notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
jpayne@68 1118 If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
jpayne@68 1119 is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may
jpayne@68 1120 contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify
jpayne@68 1121 any Invariant Sections then there are none.
jpayne@68 1122
jpayne@68 1123 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
jpayne@68 1124 listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
jpayne@68 1125 that says that the Document is released under this License. A
jpayne@68 1126 Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
jpayne@68 1127 be at most 25 words.
jpayne@68 1128
jpayne@68 1129 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
jpayne@68 1130 represented in a format whose specification is available to the
jpayne@68 1131 general public, that is suitable for revising the document
jpayne@68 1132 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
jpayne@68 1133 of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
jpayne@68 1134 available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
jpayne@68 1135 formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
jpayne@68 1136 suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise
jpayne@68 1137 Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
jpayne@68 1138 been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
jpayne@68 1139 readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if
jpayne@68 1140 used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not
jpayne@68 1141 "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
jpayne@68 1142
jpayne@68 1143 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
jpayne@68 1144 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
jpayne@68 1145 SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
jpayne@68 1146 simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
jpayne@68 1147 Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
jpayne@68 1148 Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
jpayne@68 1149 edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
jpayne@68 1150 the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
jpayne@68 1151 the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
jpayne@68 1152 processors for output purposes only.
jpayne@68 1153
jpayne@68 1154 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
jpayne@68 1155 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
jpayne@68 1156 material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
jpayne@68 1157 works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
jpayne@68 1158 Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
jpayne@68 1159 work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
jpayne@68 1160
jpayne@68 1161 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
jpayne@68 1162 whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
jpayne@68 1163 following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
jpayne@68 1164 stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
jpayne@68 1165 "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
jpayne@68 1166 To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
jpayne@68 1167 Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
jpayne@68 1168 to this definition.
jpayne@68 1169
jpayne@68 1170 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
jpayne@68 1171 which states that this License applies to the Document. These
jpayne@68 1172 Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
jpayne@68 1173 this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
jpayne@68 1174 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
jpayne@68 1175 has no effect on the meaning of this License.
jpayne@68 1176
jpayne@68 1177 2. VERBATIM COPYING
jpayne@68 1178
jpayne@68 1179 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
jpayne@68 1180 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
jpayne@68 1181 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
jpayne@68 1182 applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
jpayne@68 1183 add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
jpayne@68 1184 may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
jpayne@68 1185 or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
jpayne@68 1186 you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
jpayne@68 1187 distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
jpayne@68 1188 conditions in section 3.
jpayne@68 1189
jpayne@68 1190 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
jpayne@68 1191 and you may publicly display copies.
jpayne@68 1192
jpayne@68 1193 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
jpayne@68 1194
jpayne@68 1195 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
jpayne@68 1196 have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
jpayne@68 1197 the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
jpayne@68 1198 enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
jpayne@68 1199 these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
jpayne@68 1200 Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
jpayne@68 1201 and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
jpayne@68 1202 front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
jpayne@68 1203 equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the
jpayne@68 1204 covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
jpayne@68 1205 long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
jpayne@68 1206 conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
jpayne@68 1207
jpayne@68 1208 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
jpayne@68 1209 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
jpayne@68 1210 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
jpayne@68 1211 adjacent pages.
jpayne@68 1212
jpayne@68 1213 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
jpayne@68 1214 numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
jpayne@68 1215 Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
jpayne@68 1216 each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
jpayne@68 1217 network-using public has access to download using public-standard
jpayne@68 1218 network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
jpayne@68 1219 of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
jpayne@68 1220 reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
jpayne@68 1221 copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
jpayne@68 1222 remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
jpayne@68 1223 year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
jpayne@68 1224 through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
jpayne@68 1225
jpayne@68 1226 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
jpayne@68 1227 the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
jpayne@68 1228 to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
jpayne@68 1229 Document.
jpayne@68 1230
jpayne@68 1231 4. MODIFICATIONS
jpayne@68 1232
jpayne@68 1233 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
jpayne@68 1234 under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
jpayne@68 1235 release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
jpayne@68 1236 Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
jpayne@68 1237 distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
jpayne@68 1238 possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in
jpayne@68 1239 the Modified Version:
jpayne@68 1240
jpayne@68 1241 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
jpayne@68 1242 distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
jpayne@68 1243 versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
jpayne@68 1244 History section of the Document). You may use the same title
jpayne@68 1245 as a previous version if the original publisher of that
jpayne@68 1246 version gives permission.
jpayne@68 1247
jpayne@68 1248 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
jpayne@68 1249 entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
jpayne@68 1250 the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
jpayne@68 1251 principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
jpayne@68 1252 authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
jpayne@68 1253 from this requirement.
jpayne@68 1254
jpayne@68 1255 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
jpayne@68 1256 Modified Version, as the publisher.
jpayne@68 1257
jpayne@68 1258 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
jpayne@68 1259
jpayne@68 1260 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
jpayne@68 1261 adjacent to the other copyright notices.
jpayne@68 1262
jpayne@68 1263 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
jpayne@68 1264 notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
jpayne@68 1265 Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
jpayne@68 1266 the Addendum below.
jpayne@68 1267
jpayne@68 1268 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
jpayne@68 1269 Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
jpayne@68 1270 license notice.
jpayne@68 1271
jpayne@68 1272 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
jpayne@68 1273
jpayne@68 1274 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
jpayne@68 1275 and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
jpayne@68 1276 authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
jpayne@68 1277 Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
jpayne@68 1278 Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
jpayne@68 1279 publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
jpayne@68 1280 an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
jpayne@68 1281 previous sentence.
jpayne@68 1282
jpayne@68 1283 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
jpayne@68 1284 for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
jpayne@68 1285 likewise the network locations given in the Document for
jpayne@68 1286 previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
jpayne@68 1287 "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work
jpayne@68 1288 that was published at least four years before the Document
jpayne@68 1289 itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
jpayne@68 1290 to gives permission.
jpayne@68 1291
jpayne@68 1292 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
jpayne@68 1293 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
jpayne@68 1294 all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
jpayne@68 1295 acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
jpayne@68 1296
jpayne@68 1297 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
jpayne@68 1298 in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
jpayne@68 1299 equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
jpayne@68 1300
jpayne@68 1301 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
jpayne@68 1302 may not be included in the Modified Version.
jpayne@68 1303
jpayne@68 1304 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
jpayne@68 1305 "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
jpayne@68 1306 Section.
jpayne@68 1307
jpayne@68 1308 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
jpayne@68 1309
jpayne@68 1310 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
jpayne@68 1311 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
jpayne@68 1312 material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
jpayne@68 1313 some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
jpayne@68 1314 titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's
jpayne@68 1315 license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other
jpayne@68 1316 section titles.
jpayne@68 1317
jpayne@68 1318 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
jpayne@68 1319 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
jpayne@68 1320 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
jpayne@68 1321 has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
jpayne@68 1322 definition of a standard.
jpayne@68 1323
jpayne@68 1324 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
jpayne@68 1325 and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
jpayne@68 1326 the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage
jpayne@68 1327 of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
jpayne@68 1328 through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
jpayne@68 1329 already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
jpayne@68 1330 by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
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jpayne@68 1332 one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
jpayne@68 1333 the old one.
jpayne@68 1334
jpayne@68 1335 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
jpayne@68 1336 License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
jpayne@68 1337 assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
jpayne@68 1338
jpayne@68 1339 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
jpayne@68 1340
jpayne@68 1341 You may combine the Document with other documents released under
jpayne@68 1342 this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
jpayne@68 1343 modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
jpayne@68 1344 of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
jpayne@68 1345 unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
jpayne@68 1346 combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
jpayne@68 1347 their Warranty Disclaimers.
jpayne@68 1348
jpayne@68 1349 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
jpayne@68 1350 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
jpayne@68 1351 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
jpayne@68 1352 but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
jpayne@68 1353 by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
jpayne@68 1354 original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
jpayne@68 1355 unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
jpayne@68 1356 the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
jpayne@68 1357 combined work.
jpayne@68 1358
jpayne@68 1359 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
jpayne@68 1360 "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
jpayne@68 1361 Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
jpayne@68 1362 "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
jpayne@68 1363 must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
jpayne@68 1364
jpayne@68 1365 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
jpayne@68 1366
jpayne@68 1367 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
jpayne@68 1368 documents released under this License, and replace the individual
jpayne@68 1369 copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
jpayne@68 1370 that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
jpayne@68 1371 rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
jpayne@68 1372 in all other respects.
jpayne@68 1373
jpayne@68 1374 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
jpayne@68 1375 distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
jpayne@68 1376 a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
jpayne@68 1377 License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
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jpayne@68 1379
jpayne@68 1380 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
jpayne@68 1381
jpayne@68 1382 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
jpayne@68 1383 separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
jpayne@68 1384 storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
jpayne@68 1385 copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
jpayne@68 1386 legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
jpayne@68 1387 works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
jpayne@68 1388 License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
jpayne@68 1389 are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
jpayne@68 1390
jpayne@68 1391 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
jpayne@68 1392 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
jpayne@68 1393 of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
jpayne@68 1394 on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
jpayne@68 1395 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
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jpayne@68 1397 the whole aggregate.
jpayne@68 1398
jpayne@68 1399 8. TRANSLATION
jpayne@68 1400
jpayne@68 1401 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
jpayne@68 1402 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
jpayne@68 1403 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
jpayne@68 1404 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
jpayne@68 1405 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
jpayne@68 1406 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
jpayne@68 1407 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
jpayne@68 1408 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
jpayne@68 1409 include the original English version of this License and the
jpayne@68 1410 original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
jpayne@68 1411 disagreement between the translation and the original version of
jpayne@68 1412 this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
jpayne@68 1413 prevail.
jpayne@68 1414
jpayne@68 1415 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
jpayne@68 1416 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
jpayne@68 1417 Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
jpayne@68 1418 actual title.
jpayne@68 1419
jpayne@68 1420 9. TERMINATION
jpayne@68 1421
jpayne@68 1422 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
jpayne@68 1423 except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
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jpayne@68 1429
jpayne@68 1430 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
jpayne@68 1431
jpayne@68 1432 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
jpayne@68 1433 the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
jpayne@68 1434 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
jpayne@68 1435 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
jpayne@68 1436 <https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.
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jpayne@68 1438 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
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jpayne@68 1447
jpayne@68 1448 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
jpayne@68 1449 ====================================================
jpayne@68 1450
jpayne@68 1451 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
jpayne@68 1452 the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
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jpayne@68 1454
jpayne@68 1455 Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
jpayne@68 1456 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
jpayne@68 1457 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
jpayne@68 1458 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
jpayne@68 1459 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
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jpayne@68 1462
jpayne@68 1463 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
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jpayne@68 1470 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
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jpayne@68 1474 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
jpayne@68 1475 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
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jpayne@68 1478
jpayne@68 1479
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